France's financial crisis

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  • Financial Crisis 1783 - 1788
    • Power abuses & unfair taxation
      • French nobility did not pay taxes
      • Peasants paid majority of taxes
        • First Estate were exempt
        • Second Estate paid only 5% of income in taxes
      • Meant that common people hated aristrocracy
      • Taxes obtained through tax farming so government didn't have enough to cover expenditure
        • Collected by people who bought their position through venality so couldn't be dismissed
    • Charles de Calonne, a.k.a. Monsieur Deficit
      • Appointed as Finance Minister in 1783
      • In 1786 France approached European banks for a loan
        • Worried about unrest if taxed peasants further
        • Didn't want to tax nobility in case they lost their support
        • France had no credibilty
      • Independent accountants put in charge of acquisition/ distribution of government funds
        • Corruption - many used funds for personal use
        • Made tracking transactions difficult
    • French monarchy
      • Believed in divine right - led to absolute rule
      • Lived an extravagant lifestyle
        • Antoinette had 300 dresses made each year
        • Louis ate lots of extravagant food daily - e.g. three roasts
    • Parlements
      • Would never agree to taxation on all
      • There was no universal law - laws varied by region and were enforced by local parlements, guilds or religious groups
      • Had to approve royal decrees
        • King was virtually powerless to do anything that would have a negative effect on a regional government
    • Debt problems
      • Seven Years War 1756 - 63 & American War of Independence 1775 - 83 drained the treasury
        • Had to maintain army and navy
        • American War of Independence cost 1066 million livres

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