Psychopathology. Explanations for Schizophrenia. PSYA4.
Explanations of schizophrenia. From Biological, Psychological, Cognitive to Diathesis stress model.
- Created by: Noshinxoxo
- Created on: 14-06-13 13:44
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- EXPLANATIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
- BIOLOGICAL
- BIOCHEMICAL factors
- SEEMAN
- 60 - 100% increase in DOPAMINE receptors in brains of schizo patients POST-MORTEM
- WONG et al
- PET scans show 2-fold increase of density of DOPAMINE receptors in schizo patients.
- Anti-psychotic drugs work by BINDING DOPAMINE receptors.
- However Phenothiazines don't work on everyone. Better on POSITIVE symptoms
- Wong's results have never been replicated
- Anti-psychotic drugs work by BINDING DOPAMINE receptors.
- PET scans show 2-fold increase of density of DOPAMINE receptors in schizo patients.
- Post mortem examination is often of people going through DRUG THERAPY so could be the cause
- WONG et al
- 60 - 100% increase in DOPAMINE receptors in brains of schizo patients POST-MORTEM
- SEEMAN
- ADOPTION studies
- HESTON
- 47 adults born to Schizo mothers but separated at birth. Compared with normal adoptees.
- Group with schizo mothers 5 times more likely to develop the disease
- Limited by SELECTIVE PLACEMENT however shows altho environment does effect, its first and foremost biological.
- Group with schizo mothers 5 times more likely to develop the disease
- 47 adults born to Schizo mothers but separated at birth. Compared with normal adoptees.
- HESTON
- NEUROANATOMICAL factors
- Structural abnormalities in the brain
- BAUCHSBAUM
- FRONTAL LOBES smaller in schizo patients.
- ANDREASON
- Ventricles larger in schizo patients.
- JERNIGAN et al
- Abnormalities in LIMBIC SYSTEM
- BAUCHSBAUM
- Structural abnormalities in the brain
- TWIN studies
- SHEILDS
- Reviewed twin study data . Found concordance rate: DZ = 10% MZ = 50%
- Shows genes not wholly responsible or rate would've been 100%
- Small sample size. Diff diagnostic criteria. Concordance rates calculated differently
- Shows genes not wholly responsible or rate would've been 100%
- Reviewed twin study data . Found concordance rate: DZ = 10% MZ = 50%
- SHEILDS
- PREGNANCY factors
- WINTER BIRTHS
- overwhelmingly high proportion of schizophrenics born in winter
- VIRAL HYPOTHESIS
- MEDNICK et al
- link with mother being infected with INFLUENZA A. VIRUS may cause DEGENERATION of brain
- MEDNICK et al
- BIRTH COMPLICATIONS
- DALMAN et al
- positive correlation with birth complications and later development of schizo
- DALMAN et al
- WINTER BIRTHS
- BIOCHEMICAL factors
- PSYCHOLOGICAL
- FAMILY MODELS
- Dysfuntional families may play a role in schizophrenia
- BATESON et al
- Parent gives care in a HOSTILE WAY may cause child to SELF/DOUBT and WITHDRAW
- blaming families is UNHELPFUL. could be dealing with schizo causes the family to become dysfunctional
- Parent gives care in a HOSTILE WAY may cause child to SELF/DOUBT and WITHDRAW
- BROWN
- patients that return to homes with high EXPRESSED EMOTIONS more likely to relapse
- EE assessed by taping a relative and rating FREQUENCY of CRITICAL COMMENTS
- HIGH INDICATOR of COURSE OF DISORDER. CORRELATION so no cause and effect. Family environment does have a role.
- EE assessed by taping a relative and rating FREQUENCY of CRITICAL COMMENTS
- patients that return to homes with high EXPRESSED EMOTIONS more likely to relapse
- FAMILY MODELS
- COGNITIVE
- HELMSLEY
- FAILURE TO ACTIVATE SCHEMAS
- schizo arises from DISCONNECTION between STORED KNOWLEDGE (scehmas) and CURRENT SENSORY INPUT
- so internal events are mis-interpreted as external stimuli resulting in Hallucinations
- caused by ABNORMALITIES in HIPPOCAMPUS
- no strong evidence for support
- so internal events are mis-interpreted as external stimuli resulting in Hallucinations
- schizo arises from DISCONNECTION between STORED KNOWLEDGE (scehmas) and CURRENT SENSORY INPUT
- FAILURE TO ACTIVATE SCHEMAS
- FIRTH
- FAULTY COGNITIVE PROCESS
- Schizo patients unable to distinguish between ACTIONS driven by EXTERNAL FORCES and those driven by INTERNAL INTENTIONS
- Filter between CONSCIOUS processing and PRE-CONSCIOUS processing breaks down so INCOSEQUENTIONAL info is passed into CONSCIOUS AWARENESS.
- filter is underpinned by IRREGULARITY in DOPAMINE receptors.
- Fails to take into account ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. NO universal support.
- Filter between CONSCIOUS processing and PRE-CONSCIOUS processing breaks down so INCOSEQUENTIONAL info is passed into CONSCIOUS AWARENESS.
- Schizo patients unable to distinguish between ACTIONS driven by EXTERNAL FORCES and those driven by INTERNAL INTENTIONS
- FAULTY COGNITIVE PROCESS
- HELMSLEY
- DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL
- individual INHERITS SUSCEPTIBILITY to schizo which is triggered by STRESSFUL EVENTS.
- Nature-Nurture argument that's MULTI-FACTORAL and less reductionist than the other theories.
- individual INHERITS SUSCEPTIBILITY to schizo which is triggered by STRESSFUL EVENTS.
- BIOLOGICAL
- ALL CORRELATION STUDIES. if hypothesis were true MZ rate would be higher. common birth complications often don't lead to schizo
- link with mother being infected with INFLUENZA A. VIRUS may cause DEGENERATION of brain
- positive correlation with birth complications and later development of schizo
- overwhelmingly high proportion of schizophrenics born in winter
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