Biology Book:4 DNA
- Created by: umar2312
- Created on: 29-04-17 20:40
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- DNA,Proteins and Genetic Code
- DNA
- Deoxyribo Neucleic Acid
- Double helix shape
- Four different types of bases
- Adenosine
- Thymine
- Guanine
- Cystosine
- Adenosine
- The information required to manufacture protein are located in the nucleus and are too big to move, so the nucleus duplicates one strand of DNA (mRNA) and it is transported to the ribosomes.
- The DNA acts as a template to make a messenger molecule (mRNA)
- The mRNA carries a complementary copy of the genetic code.
- Triplets of mRNA are read as the mRNA molecule passes through the ribosome.
- The correct amino acids are are brought to the ribosome and is lined up in the correct order, then the amino acids are joined together to create a polypeptide chain.
- The polypeptide chain is folded to make the protein molecule.
- The correct amino acids are are brought to the ribosome and is lined up in the correct order, then the amino acids are joined together to create a polypeptide chain.
- Triplets of mRNA are read as the mRNA molecule passes through the ribosome.
- The mRNA carries a complementary copy of the genetic code.
- The DNA acts as a template to make a messenger molecule (mRNA)
- Gene
- Amino Acids
- Polypeptide
- Protein
- Large molecule made of folded polypeptide chains
- Chains of hundreds of amino acids.
- Protein
- Building Blocks
- Polypeptide
- Unit of Information
- Amino Acids
- mRNA
- Single stranded
- Flat ribbon-like shape.
- Ribose Sugar
- Production of mRNA
- mRNA attaches to ribosome
- Peptide bonds form between amino acids.
- mRNA attaches to ribosome
- Proteins
- Proteins are made up of amino acids
- The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds.
- A sequence of amino acids in a protein is called a primary protein structure
- The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds.
- Antibodies are proteins which fight against and protect our bodies against pathogens. They immobilize the pathogens so the pathogens so they can be destroyed by white blood cells
- Hormones are messenger proteins which co-ordinate certain body activities
- Examples of proteins
- Insulin
- Factor VII
- Human Growth Hormone
- Made by cell in pituitary gland;essential during childhood & adolescence to control normal growth and development.
- Given by regular injection to children who don't make enough of their own;prevents reduced growth and dwarfism
- Made by cell in pituitary gland;essential during childhood & adolescence to control normal growth and development.
- Chemical present in the blood required for clotting blood of wounds
- Given to sufferers of hemophilia who lack Factor VIII & those whose blood fails to clot.
- Human Growth Hormone
- Made by pancreas;controls level of glucose in the blood
- Given to people who do not make enough insulin naturally.(Diabetes)
- Factor VII
- Insulin
- Proteins are made up of amino acids
- Viruses take over host cells so that it can be attached to the host's DNA
- Viruses are not living cells, but do contain genetic information such as DNA. Viruses can infect living cells & insert their genetic information into the nucleus of the host cell and take control to reproduce viruses
- Genetic Engineering
- Uses of genetic engineering
- Chromosome extracted and required gene is identified
- Gene cut out using enzymes
- Plasmid Extracted
- Plasmid cut open using enzyme
- Gene is sealed in plasmid using enzymes
- Altered plasmid inserted into bacterial host cell.
- Plasmid becomes duplicated and bacterial cell multiplies
- insulin mass produced by duplicated plasmid
- Insulin extracted and purified
- insulin mass produced by duplicated plasmid
- Plasmid becomes duplicated and bacterial cell multiplies
- Altered plasmid inserted into bacterial host cell.
- Gene is sealed in plasmid using enzymes
- Plasmid cut open using enzyme
- Plasmid Extracted
- Gene cut out using enzymes
- DNA
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