developments in working and living conditions in the countryside

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  • developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
    • life became harsher for the poorest peasants
    • the kulaks prospered
    • many peasants had to leave their farms and look for seasonal farming work or industrial employment
      • a minority migrated to Siberia
    • the commune remained at the heart of rural life
    • living standards varied but in general were poor
    • many peasants were classified unfit for military service
    • healthcare improvements were provided through the zemstva
    • mortality rates remained high and there were too few doctors
    • there wasn't enough teachers
      • most peasants received only basic education
      • in 1914 there was still around 60% illiteracy
    • peasantry remained at the bottom of the social ladder

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