Outbreak of Civil War

Created by: LamisaAmber
Created on: 09-05-17 08:56

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Outbreak of the Civil War 1640 - 1642
- Short Parliament (April-May 1640)
  - 1st Bishops' War
    - Needed money to finance it, Wentworth advised calling Parliament
    - Thought MPs could be won over with bribes, threats and patriotism to King
  - Commons, led by Pym and Hampden, launched an attack on King
    - Attack on civil liberties, parliamentary liberties, innovations in religion, violations of property
  - Charles demanded taxes before hearing grievances, Parliament want grievances heard
  - Atmosphere of hostility, Charles dissolves it after 3 weeks = no subsidies
    - Charles renews war anyway= 2nd Bishops' War w/ loans from private corporations
    - Arrests some opposition e.g. Pym
  - Petition of 12 Peers August 1640
    - Issued by Lords including Bedford and Warwick
    - Protested against innovations in religion, popery, Ship Money, length of time w/out parliament
    - Council of Peers - would not cooperate with Charles until another Parliament called (september 1640)
- Long Parliament (November 1640)
  - Parliament in touch with Scots since 1st BW - Puritan pop in league with Presbyterians
  - Strong opposition in Parliament due to Laudian Reforms and Scottish war
  - Parliament's Position November 1640
    - Strong - Charles is relying on them to provide him money - opp to have grievances heard
    - Unified group of MPs engineering moves against king e.g. Pym, Haselrig, Holles
      - Mobilised support in London - London Mob
      - Created coordinated plan to exert pressure on the king
      - In contact with Scots since 1637
      - King thought he would get money with few small concessions but parliament's grievances are pent up
  - Charles in Scotland
    - Covenanters
      - Split into radicals and moderates - Parl fear Charles using them
        Pro-King faction = Cumbernauld Band
    - 1641 King's Actions
      - Appoints leading Royalists to positions in Scotland e.g. Earl of Argyll = Marquis of Argyll
        Goes to Scotland to sign Treaty of London in Scotland to end Bishops' war
    - 'The Incident' August 1641
      - Prominent members of Covenanters who opposed Charles = targets
        Royalist plot to capture anti-Royalist covenanters but failed
        Charles looks to be trying to mount support in Scotland and destroy Covenanters' unity by force
        
        Misses oppurtunity to capitalise on Pym's weakening support by acting slippery
        
        Pym has to become more radical to keep power from the king
  - Irish Rebellion 1641
    - Long-term result of 'plantation' policy
    - Fear increasing Puritan rule in England and Scotland
    - Irish rebellion is frightening to England - Pym can push through radical measures e.g. Grand Remonstrance
      - Events C16th and C17th: gunpowder plot 1605, 30 years war, excommunication of Elizabeth, Papal Bull
        Affected the army - need to send army to rescue Protestants but no longer trust King after Incident, Army Plot
        Preorggative powers being questioned by Parl
  - Parliament and Charles' Actions
    - Root and Branch Petition December 1640
    - Triennial Act Feb 1641
      - Threat of Scots used to force king to consent
        Had to call Parl every 3 years
        
        Could assemble uncalled if not summoned
    - Bridging Appointments 1641
      - Settlement by Bedford to bridge gap between MPs and King
        Saye & Sele, Bedford and Essex to be in PC to advise Charles
        
        Proposed Pam as Chancellor but Bedford dies, hating progress
    - Trial and Execution of Strafford November 1640
      - First Turning Point - radical action
        Strafford and Charles see Parl/Scot alliance as treason, English fear use of Irish against Scots
        Hard to get impeachment through Lords = Act of Attainder instead
        
        Used London Mob to push it through - intimidated King and his family at Whitehall
        King signed warrant = personally responsible. Accused Strafford of imposing 'arbitrary gov'
        Needed money from Parl, both houses had agreed = no choice, London Mob
        
        Charles left weak in position, isolated
        
        Divisions between King and Parl deepen - opposition to King has become radical and willing to exert pressure on him, Army Plot = King is dangerous
        
        Divisions within Parliament - execution too radical for some - Holles, Digby and Hyde upset. Too removed from traditional law
        
        Army Plot
        Pym revealed army's plot to free Strafford from tower and dissolve parliament forcibly w/ King's support = Lords pass bill out of fear of coup
    - Ten Propositions June 1641
      - Petition from Parliament to King by Pym
        C to delay visit to Scotland, worries of King using Scot Army against Parl, C to remove Catholic priests from Queen's service
        
        Pment to oversee Charles' choice of advisors
        Direct challenge to C's prerogative - rejected and left for Scotland
    - Abolition of Star Chamber and Ship Money Made Illegal
      - King's prerogative rights challenged- can no longer be financially self-sufficient
    - 2nd Army Plot Nov 1641
      - Pym claims a 2nd Plot taking places to bring army to action in South in support of royal power
        In order to protect Scottish neutral leaders, king and moderate parliamentarians
        Pym sough to rally support to put local militias on alert against this & King failed to get support
    - Grand RemonstranceOct 1641
      - Irish rebellion allowed him to be more radical - overview of Charles' PR mishaps and Long Parl's achievements and remaining grievances
        Justified opposition in order to rally parliament to the cause
        Given only the option of supporting or rejecting all of it - associating those who didn't with King
      - Causes divisions amongst Parl - passed only by 159 votes to 148 - swords drawn, 12 hour debate
        Polarised opposition, too radical for some - outraged king and sympathisers, unprecedented insult to king and invited people to involve themselves in politics
        King rejected it straightaway, polarising political nation
        Proposed influence over royal officers, HofL to be cleared of bishops and Catholic Peers, church reform to be supervised - unprecedented limits on Charles
      - Publishing of GR - instability - open criticism of king, destabilise traditional order of country, growing awareness of Mob's power
        Popular Radicalism
        London Mob - low church separators from C of E spurred by: neutralising of Laud, abolition of prerogative courts, collapse of censorship and thorough, release of prisoners e.g. Prynne
        
        Mob involvement: Strafford execution, R&B Petition, prevent bishops entering HofL 1642 Jan, Grand Remonstrance
        
        London- key point of Puritan contacts, merchant networks, spread influence through links with manufacturing
        
        Sources of information - pamphlets, newspapers and Pym
    - Nineteen Propositions June 1642
      - Parl's final attempt at a settlement
      - Demanded concessions: control of PC, control education of King's children, supervise foreign policy, Catholic peers to be excluded, reform of CofE, approval of militia ordinance
      - King rejected it as subversion of fundamental laws
  - Militia Bill Dec 1641
    - Parliament want army under control of a general appointed by them
    - Pym states King should only employ Parliamentary approved conunsellors
      - Major encroachmenton King's prerogative, radical - destroy balance of current constitution
      - Divided conservatives from radicals
  - Attempt on Five Members Jan 1642
    - King commands impeachment proceedings for 5 members of commons on basis on treason
      - Fails to arrest members - Pam, Hampden, Haselrig, Holles, Strode, Mandeville
        Surrounded by hostile crowd on way back to Whitehall - king and family flee London. Charles' supporters leave Commons and Lords to show support
        Pym can now pass through legislation with little opposition - passed Bishops Exclusion Act, Miliia Bill becomes Militia Ordinance March 1642
        Beginning to go beyond trying to restore privileges and now advancing them instead
        
        Commissions of Array June 1642
        In response to Militia Ordinance - called all soldiers to follow him. Set up base in York - increased opposition fear of attack
        
        Hull under parliamentary control - refuse to give Royal arsenal to Charles
- Formation of Two Sides
  - Pym's radicalism
  - Charles' blunders
  - London Mob intervention
  - Parliament divided over: religious policies (some liked Anglicanism), dislike of methods of Pym's Junto (conservatism), anti-Scottish stance
  - People chose sides according to: geography, social class, economic interests, religious beliefs, local interests, traditional loyalties
    - Neutrality
      - Raised a 3rd party army, demilitarised or made pacts with other counties

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Outbreak of Civil War

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