GCSE chemistry revision
- Created by: Carl Hetherington
- Created on: 20-01-19 17:59
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- Chemistry
- The rate and extent of chemical change
- Rates of reaction
- Concentration or pressure
- When concentration or pressure increases
- The particles are more crowded
- The frequency of collisions increase
- The rate of reaction increases
- When concentration or pressure increases
- Surface area to volume
- When the surface are to volume increases
- More particles are exposed
- The rate of reaction is increased
- More frequent collisions
- When the surface are to volume increases
- Temperature
- When the temperature is incrreased
- proportion of successful collisions increases
- Particles move more quickly
- The energy of the particles increase
- When the temperature is incrreased
- Catalyst
- Speeds up the reaction without changing it
- Isn't used up at the end of the reaction
- Speeds up the reaction without changing it
- Concentration or pressure
- Reversible reactions
- Changing the position of equilibrium
- Haber process
- N2(g) + 3H2(g) ? 2NH3(g)
- Reacting nitrogen with hydrogen to make ammonia
- Changing pressure
- when pressure increases equilibrium moves to the fewest molecules of gas
- Changing temperature
- when temp increased, equilibrium moves in endothermic direction
- Changing concentration
- if the concentration of reactant increases equilibrium moves away from the reactant
- Haber process
- A + B ? C + D
- Endo in one direction=Exo in the opposite
- Dynamic equilibrium
- Forward and back still happening
- forward and backwards=same rate of reaction
- All the reaction substance remains constant
- Changing the position of equilibrium
- Rates of reaction
- Organic chemistry
- Alkenes and alkanes
- Combustion
- Complete
- Needs plenty oxygen so the carbon can oxided
- Incomplete
- Supply of oxygen is poor and carbon monoxide is produced
- Complete
- Alkanes
- The alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons
- hydrogen atoms in an alkane is double the number of carbon atoms, plus two
- The alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons
- Alkenes
- Alkenes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond
- Hydrogen atoms in an akene is twice the amount of the carbon atoms
- Alkenes are unsaturated
- Alkenes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond
- Combustion
- Alcohols
- The alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds. They all contain the functional group –OH,
- The names of alcohols end with ‘ol’, eg ethanol.
- Carboxylic acids and esters
- Carboxylic acids
- Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group (-COOH). Carboxylic acids end in '-oic acid'.
- Carboxylic acids take their names from their ‘parent’ alkanes. For example, ethane is the ‘parent’ alkane of ethanoic acid.
- Making a easter
- They can be made in the laboratory by reacting an alcohol with an organic acid
- Sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst
- They can be made in the laboratory by reacting an alcohol with an organic acid
- Carboxylic acids
- Alkenes and alkanes
- Chemical analysis
- Chromatography
- Gas
- Stationary phase
- A thin layer of inert liquid on an inert solid support
- Mobile phase
- An inert gas e.g helium
- Stationary phase
- Paper
- Mobile phase
- An aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous solvent
- Each chemical has a dynamic equilibrium between phases
- Stationary phase
- Sheet of chromatography paper
- Each chemical has a dynamic equilibrium between phases
- Mobile phase
- Thin layer
- Stationary phase
- Thin layer of inert substance e.g silica
- Supported on a flat nonreactive surface
- Thin layer of inert substance e.g silica
- Stationary phase
- Gas
- Titrations
- Volumetric
- titration experiment can be carried out to accurately measure the volume of substances that react in chemical reactions.
- This technique utilises a standard solution which is titrated against portions of an unknown concentration until the reaction is just complete.
- Volumetric
- Chromatography
- Chemistry of the atmosphere
- Developing the atmosphere
- The earths early atmosphere
- Large amounts of carbon dioxide
- Little or no oxygen
- small amounts of other gasses such as ammonia and methane
- The modern atmosphere
- 80% nitrogen
- 20% oxygen
- Small amounts of other gasses
- How oxygen increased
- Plants produced photosynthesis to make food
- Photosynthesis reacts water with carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and glucose
- Plants produced photosynthesis to make food
- How carbon dioxide decreased
- Dissolved in water as oceans formed
- Photosynthesis by plants
- Trapped in carbonate rocks
- The earths early atmosphere
- Polluting the atmosphere
- The greenhouse effect
- Without it the earth would be 18 degrees cooler
- Human activities
- Farming cattle
- Farming rice in paddy fields
- Releases methane
- Farming cattle
- Releases methane
- Burning fossil fuels
- releases carbon dioxide
- Deforestation
- releases carbon dioxide
- Global climate change
- Until 200 years ago all changes were natural
- global warming is different as climate change as global warming is used to describe the warming of the planet
- The greenhouse effect
- Developing the atmosphere
- The rate and extent of chemical change
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