2.1 Cell Structure Summary
- Created by: thiamoorhouse
- Created on: 06-06-21 20:33
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- Cell Structure
- Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles
- Plasma Membrane
- Membrane found on the surface of cells. It's made of mainly lipids and proteins
- Regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell.
- Has receptor molecules on it which allow it to respond to chemicals
- Cell Wall
- Rigid structure that surrounds plant cells.
- Supports plant cells
- Nucleus
- Large organelle surrounded by nuclear envelope which contains pores
- Contains chromatin and the nucleolus
- Controls cell's activities
- Pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm
- Nucleolus makes ribosomes
- Lysosome
- Round organelle with no clear internal structure
- Contains digestive enzymes to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of cells
- Ribosome
- Very small organelle that either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Made of proteins and RNA and not surrounded by a membrane
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- System of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
- Surface dotted with ribosomes
- Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosome
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum but with no ribosomes
- Synthesises and processes lipids
- Vesicle
- Small fluid filled sac in cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane
- Transports substances in and out of the cell and between organelles
- Some formed by golgi or endoplasmic reticulum others formed at cell surface
- Golgi Apparatus
- Group of fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs
- Vesicles often seen at edges of sacs
- Processes and packages new lipids and proteins
- Makes lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Have a double membrane and the inner one is folded to form cristae
- Inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration
- Site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced
- Chloroplast
- Small flattened structure found in plant cells
- Surrounded by a double membrane
- Has membrane inside called thylakoid membranes which are stacked up to form grana
- Grana are linked by lamellae which are thin flat pieces of thylakoid membrane
- Site of photosynthesis. Some happens in gran and some happens in stroma
- Centriole
- Small hollow cylinders made of microtubules
- Involved in separation of chromosomes
- Cilia
- Small hair like structures found on the surface of some animal cells
- Have an outer membrane and a ring of nine pairs of microtubules with two in the middle
- Microtubules allow cilia to move which moves substances along the surface
- Flagellum
- Two microtubules in the middle surrounded by nine pairs
- Microtubules contract to make flagellum move
- Flagella used like motors to propel cells forward
- Stick out from cell surface and surrounded by plasma membrane
- Plasma Membrane
- Protein Production
- Proteins made at the ribosomes
- Ribosomes on rough ER make proteins that are excreted or attached to cell membrane
- Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm make proteins that stay in the cytoplasm
- New proteins produced at rough ER are folded and processed
- They're then transported from the ER to the golgi in vesicles
- At the golgi they undergo further processing
- The proteins enter more vesicles to be transported around the cell
- Protein Production
- Proteins made at the ribosomes
- Ribosomes on rough ER make proteins that are excreted or attached to cell membrane
- Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm make proteins that stay in the cytoplasm
- New proteins produced at rough ER are folded and processed
- They're then transported from the ER to the golgi in vesicles
- At the golgi they undergo further processing
- The proteins enter more vesicles to be transported around the cell
- The proteins enter more vesicles to be transported around the cell
- At the golgi they undergo further processing
- They're then transported from the ER to the golgi in vesicles
- Protein Production
- The proteins enter more vesicles to be transported around the cell
- At the golgi they undergo further processing
- They're then transported from the ER to the golgi in vesicles
- Cytoskeleton
- Is a network of protein fibres
- Functions
- Support organelles to keep them in position
- Strengthen cell and maintain shape of cell
- Responsible for movement of substances in the cell
- Can also make the cell move
- Microscopes
- Magnification
- How much bigger the image is than the actual specimen being viewed
- Magnification = image size/object size
- Resolution
- How detailed the image is. The ability to distinguish two objects from each other
- Light Microscope
- Uses light beam
- Have a low resolution - max resolution of 0.2 micrometers
- Maximum magnification of x1500
- Used to look at whole cells or tissues
- Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope
- Use laser beams to scan a specimen which is tagged with a fluorescent dye
- Laser causes dye to give off light which is then focused through a pinhole onto a detector
- Detector is hooked to a computer that generates an image
- Can be 3D image
- Used to look at objects at different depths in thick specimens
- Transmission Electron Microscope
- Use electromagnets to focus beam of electrons
- Denser parts absorb more electrons which makes them darker in the image
- Provide high resolution images
- Only used on thin specimens
- Scanning Electron Microscope
- Scans a beam of electrons across a specimen which knock off electrons from the specimen which are gathered in a cathode ray tube to form an image
- Can be 3D images
- Lower resolution than TEMs
- Magnification
- Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles
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