Surgery - Dealing with Blood Loss
- Created by: issyh
- Created on: 14-03-17 20:55
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- Dealing with Blood Loss
- Can cause death.
- Lack of blood causes shock - body is unable to function.
- Until sterilised cat gut, ligatures of thread were used to tie blood vessels.
- Cautery was used to seal wounds and amputations with heat.
- Transfusions were used to give blood from a donor to a patient.
- Tourniquets and clamps were used to stop the blood flow around a limb.
- Development of Blood Transfusions
- 1. 17th century - blood was transfused between animals and humans and people rarely survived - it was banned.
- 2. 19th century - they were needed urgently because of increased risk of surgery.
- 3. 1901 - blood groups discovered so transfusions could work between the same groups but testing was hard and hard to find donors.
- 4. 1915 - found ways to stop blood clotting so it could be stored in refrigerators.
- 5. 1917 - public was asked to donate blood to be stored for wounded in the Battle of Cambrai.
- Initial Issues with Transfusions
- Clotting - which blocks transfusion tubes.
- Availability - donor attached to recipient.
- Immune Response - unaware of blood groups.
- Discovery of Blood Types
- Karl Landsteiner's discovery solved issues with immune response.
- Mixing incompatible blood can be fatal.
- Key People
- James Blundell
- Found transfusions could stop women dying in child birth.
- Karl Landsteiner
- Discovered blood types (A, B, O, AB).
- Richard Lewisohn
- Found that adding sodium citrate stopped blood from clotting (1915).
- Richard Weil
- Discovered blood that included sodium citrate could be stored in fridges.
- Francis Rous and James Turner
- Found that adding a citrate glucose solution allowed blood to be stored for longer (1916).
- Geoffrey Keynes
- Developed a portable machine to store blood.
- James Blundell
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