ba1
- Created by: Emilyburkee
- Created on: 16-04-21 11:42
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- Bio assessment 1
- topic 1
- triglycerides are formed by the condensation of 3 fatty acids with 1 mol of glycerol joined with an ester bond
- phospholipids have 1 glycerol and phosphate and 2 fatty acids, joined by an ester bond
- they have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
- allows them to form a bilayer which has the hydrophilic heads facing outwards and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards
- primary structure is the specific order of A.A, this effects all orders of structure, secondary = h bonding at certain regions, tertiary = specific 3D shape due to interactions between R groups
- specific structure needed for certain functions- eg enzymes and antibodies
- enzymes have a specific tertiary structure, meaning active site is only complementary to one substrate, cannot form E-S complexes
- ph can effect ionic bonding in tertary s so can denature
- tem[perature can increase Ke of particles = more collisions
- more enzyme / sub = faster ROR
- inhibitors reduce roR AS PREVENT E-S COMPLEXES
- Topic 2
- nucleus stores dna and genetic info, RER protein synthesis + mod, SER lipid synthesis and mod , golgi- transport and mod , lysosomes - break down cell debris
- mitocondria produce ATP via respiration and chloroplasts produce glucose via photo
- light microscopes use light which had a longer wave length = lower res + mag
- TEM+SEM use electrons which have a smaller wavelength
- vacuum = dead
- TEM+SEM use electrons which have a smaller wavelength
- cell membrane = phospholipid bilayer - lets in non-polar small ,has proteins embedded eg interregnal and peripheral
- antigen regonition is improtant so that the immune system recognises non-slef antigens on pathogens and does not attak its own cells
- the phagocyte follows chem trail of the pathogen and engulfs it , forms phagosome around it , lysosomes bind and fuse wit it relapsing enzymes which break down pathogen
- antibody is a proton with a specic tertary structure, produced by a b cell, which bind to a specific pathogen
- hiv is a retor virus , bind to CD4 protein on Th cell, injects nulecic acid into cell - reverse transcriptase rna to DNA and integrates incrops - cell synthesis proteins
- HVI causes AIDs when enough Th cells are killed
- micleles move towards the membrane and FA and mg diffuse through the membrane, re assosiate into tris and assosited with protein to form a chylomicron at golgi - vesicle out via exocytosis
- nucleus stores dna and genetic info, RER protein synthesis + mod, SER lipid synthesis and mod , golgi- transport and mod , lysosomes - break down cell debris
- enzymes are used to hydrolyse large insoluble mols to smaller soluble ones - exdopeptideases and end and di
- multiple enzymes used to increse ror
- topic 3
- enzymes are used to hydrolyse large insoluble mols to smaller soluble ones - exdopeptideases and end and di
- multiple enzymes used to increse ror
- micleles move towards the membrane and FA and mg diffuse through the membrane, re assosiate into tris and assosited with protein to form a chylomicron at golgi - vesicle out via exocytosis
- enzymes are used to hydrolyse large insoluble mols to smaller soluble ones - exdopeptideases and end and di
- topic 4
- an intron is a non-coding section of DNA where as an exon is a coding section of DNA
- DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
- with one strand acting as a template, free RNA nucleotides attach in their complementary pairs froming hydrogen bonds
- RNA polymerase then condenses the nucleotides forming phosphodiester bonds
- pre-mRNA is then spliced removing the introns
- RNA polymerase then condenses the nucleotides forming phosphodiester bonds
- with one strand acting as a template, free RNA nucleotides attach in their complementary pairs froming hydrogen bonds
- mutations occur spontaneously and normally during DNA replication or cell divsion
- deleations can lead to a frame shift, effecting multiple codons, chnaging the over all tertary structure
- substitutions -can lead to a change in protein structure, however most of the time as DNA code is degernerate, a sub often codes for the same amino acid
- Binomial name system = genus and species
- Quantitative investigations
- use large and random sampling to ensure sample is reprsentivive
- systematic = belt transect
- there is a gradual change from one side of a habitat to another, like the change in light between the outer edges of a forest to the centre.
- randome eg quadrats
- estimating pop sizes or distribution
- systematic = belt transect
- SD= spread of data about the mean, indicating sig diffs
- use large and random sampling to ensure sample is reprsentivive
- directional selection- selects for one extreme of the mean due to change in environment
- eg ar bacteria, spontaneous mutation results in resistance - if in environment where antibiotic is used, others die out leaving only resistant to divide + allele F increases
- stabilising selection- when no change in environment -mean is selected for
- eg birth weights - narrow margin as both extremes are selected against for optimum birth weight
- topic 1
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