Aspects of development: employment, education, health, population and gender

Created by: 11pyoung
Created on: 30-04-18 17:34

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Aspects of development: employment, education, health, population and gender
- The changing nature of employment as a result of development
  - Peet and Hartwick
    - Economic activity has become globalised
      - There now exists a global division of labour
  - Employment and women
    - Martell
      - Women are increasingly a resource for global capitalism because millions of women have been incorporated into the production process
  - Child labour
    - Affects 1 in 8 children
  - The impact of urbanisation on employment
    - Half the total population in developing countries are expected to live in cities by 2020
  - Employment and poverty
    - Jobs in the developing world are vulnerable to global economic downturns
  - Migration of skilled labour to the developed world
    - Dodani and Laporte
      - a 'brain drain' is taking place as skilled workers from the developing world emigrate to the developed world
- The role of education in development
  - Murthi et al
    - The effect of female literacy on lowering child mortality is extraordinarily large
  - Modernisation theory and education
    - Hoselitz
      - The introduction of meritocratic education systems would speed up the spread of western values
    - Sen
      - Education is the key that unlocked the economic success of the Asian tiger economies
  - The state of global education
    - Almost two-thirds of illiterate adults are women, this has been static since 1990
  - Dependency theory
    - Poverty may blind parents to the value of education
    - Freire
      - Imposing Western-style education in developing countries is inappropriate
    - McCloskey
      - 'Development education' should focus on educating people in the developed world so that they understand the underlying causes of global inequality
- Health-care systems and health and illness in developing countries
  - The nature of health and illness in developing countries
    - 30,000 children a day die of preventable diseases
  - Modernisation theory and health
    - Developed countries experienced diseases of poverty in the early years of industrialisation, but as they experienced economic growth, the standard of living improved
      - Developing societies will soon experience this
  - Dependency theory
    - Peet and Hardwick
      - The 'structural adjustments' required of developing countries by the World Bank ended up killing millions of children
  - Health-care systems
    - Many traditional cultures tend to have a holistic approach to health
- Demographic change: trends, causes and significance for development
  - World Population Growth
    - World population increases by about 83 million people annually
  - Neo-Malthusian modernisation theory
    - Thomas Malthus
      - Populations increase in size at a much fasster rate than their ability to feed themselves
    - Peter Ehrlich
      - The high birth rates in the developing world has led to a population explosion that has put too much strain on their limited resources of food and energy
    - Evaluation
      - Cohen and Kennedy
        Predictions of population explosions are usually based on present trends
      - Carnell
        Ehrlich has expected food production to decrease, but instead it has increased faster than population growth due to technology
  - Solutions to overpopulation
    - Family Planning
    - Western aid
    - The education of women
  - Dependency theory
    - Adamson
      - Neo-Malthusians misunderstand the relationship between poverty and population
- The significance of gender in relation to development
  - Women in developing countries
    - Steinem
      - Women in developing countries make up a 'fifth world'
  - Explanations for the position of women in the developing world
    - Modernisation theory
      - Van der Gaag
        In any countries today, the birth of a boy is still more celebrated than the birth of a girl
  - Feminist perspectives
    - Scott
      - Modernisation theory is malestream because it is underpinned bicultural inequality
    - Boserup
      - Traditionally, women were the main food producers in the majority of African societies but the new agricultural technologies are focused on training men to use them
    - Pearson
      - Gender has been incorporated into the indices of development used by multilateral aid agencies
    - Hunt
      - Postmodernists have drawn attention to how the category of women has been constructed, and how specific female groups in the developing world have been perceived by Western feminists

Comments

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