Youth Crime and Control

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In the 18th century there was a move from...
the natural to romantic child.
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What were the key features of the Industrial Revolution?
Large numbers of people moved to cities, children were exploited and the conflict between 'innocence' and 'experience' began.
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What did Henry Mayhew note in the 1861?
Mayhew noted an important shift as young people began to challenge their circumstances, become involved in gangs and engage in underage sex.
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In what year did the police come into operation?
1829
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What did Susan Margarey (1978) note about the conviction of juveniles following the Police Acts?
The number of the conviction of juveniles under the Police Acts rose from just over 2% in 1838 to almost 36% in 1845.
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What did the Juvenile Offenders Act 1847 do?
Distinguished between youth and adult as those under 14 were regarded as youths.
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What did Mary Carpenter (1853) believe?
That a child's socialisation within a family was the key to preventing criminality. She blamed the behaviour of offenders on an 'undisciplined childhood'.
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Which Act created 'reformatories'?
Youthful Offenders Act 1854
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Which Act created separate courts for youths and adults?
Children's Act 1908
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What were Reformatories used for?
Reformatories were used for children who had committed crime and been found guilty.
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In which century was there a shift towards 'psy' abnormalities rather than social pathologies?
20th Century
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What four risk factors did the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 state?
Maladjusted child, problem families, neglect leads to delinquency and focusing on welfare.
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In which year did Bowlby formulate his theory on the separation from mothers in delinquent children?
1944
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In which year did Bowlby write that the key to healthy development is a continuous relationship with the mother?
1953
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What was the name of Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck's work in 1950?
'Unravelling Juvenile Delinquency'
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What were the key findings from the Glueck's (1950) work?
The key findings were that: the earlier the onset, the longer the criminal career; crime declines with age; the strongest factor responsible for onset and continued offending is the family.
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In which year was the Ingleby Report produced?
1960
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What did Matza (1964) note about desistance?
'Maturational reform'
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What were the main changes made by the Children and Young Persons Act 1969?
The social welfare approach to young offenders was continued and the Act granted extended social work powers of care and supervision.
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What was the 'child saving movement'?
The moral reformation of youth by female, middle class reformers. The approach favoured philanthropy and established a juvenile justice framework.
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Which criminologist questioned the 'child savers' in 1977?
Platt
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What was the name of Gottfredson and Hirchi's book in 1990?
'General Theory of Crime'
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What did Michael Howard describe the period in which there was a 122% increase in the youth custody population?
'Prison works era'
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In which year did Rutherford say that there had been a successful revolution?
1992
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Which criminologist studied whether crime is 'adolescent limited' or 'life-course persistent'?
Moffitt, 1993
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What was the name of Sampson and Laub's (2003) theory?
'Age Grade'
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What are the characteristics of Moffitt's 'adolescent limited' group?
Crime and anti-social behaviour are part of growing up.
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What were Sampson and Laub's (2003) findings?
Family bonds mediate social and biological risk factors, crime is induced by a lack of stable social control and crime may break fragile ties to conventional society, thus rendering the person more free to engage in crime.
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What did Laub, Nagin and Sampson (2003) compare desistance to?
A pension
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What did Nagin, Farrington and Moffitt (1995) note?
That there is a discrepancy between police figures and self-reported desistance.
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In which year did Vaillant make an observation about desistance in alcoholics?
1996
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What did Newburn (1997) attribute the 18% drop in youth custody in the 1980s to?
The restriction on custody created by the Criminal Justice Act 1982, the intermediate treatment offered as an alternative to custody and the diversion from court.
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How did Maruna (2001) measure desistance?
Through interviewing offenders.
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What were Sampson and Laub's (2001) key findings?
That crime declines with age, but this varies depending on the offence; some types of crime actually increase with age; the earlier the onset the longer the criminal career; offending often has a 'zigzag' trajectory.
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What did Blockland and Niewbeerta note in 2005?
That work, marriage and children exerted a general reduction in offending, but only in certain groups.
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What did Brunton-Smith and McCarthy study in 2016?
Ages of onset
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What were the key features of the Industrial Revolution?

Back

Large numbers of people moved to cities, children were exploited and the conflict between 'innocence' and 'experience' began.

Card 3

Front

What did Henry Mayhew note in the 1861?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

In what year did the police come into operation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What did Susan Margarey (1978) note about the conviction of juveniles following the Police Acts?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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