Youth Pathways In and Out of Offending

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Youth Pathways In and Out of Offending

Life-course Approaches

- Across individual change. This involves studying humans at a snapshot in time, such as in court. 

- Within individual change. This is a longitudinal approach whereby a group is followed over time to see how life changes, and how this impacts on offending at different times.

Three main foci:

1. Developments in humans over time. 

2. Explain why these developments took place. 

3. Assess how interventions/changes impact on lives over time. 

Onset - The Pathways into Crime

- Focus on onset - the factors which influence the entrance into crime.

- Draws on a range of theoretical iedas - social learning (friendships/family influences), social bonds (strength of ties to community), developmental (psychological processes of age development), symbolic interactionism (labelling and effects of sanctions on behaviour). 

Farrington et al (2006) found there to be certain risk factors which are the strongest onset indicators:

Family involvement in crime, neglectful parenting, poverty, high risk-taking behaviour and low attainment. This applied only to low-level offenders, not a criminal career sample. 

The Glueck's 'Unravelling Juvenile Delinquency' (1950)

- Unravelling Juvenile Delinquency (Glueck and Glueck, 1950); traced a sample of delinquent boys compared with non-delinquent boys from the same social backgrounds. 

They found that:

- The earlier the onset, the longer the criminal career. 

- Crime declines with age (maturation). 

- Strongest factor responsible for onset and continued offending is the family.

Is Crime Adolescent Limited (AL) or Life-Course Persistant?

Moffitt, 1993

Moffitt…

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