Year 13 Methods

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What is a Case Study?
An In-depth study using a range of methods on one person or a small group. Longitudinal.
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Are Case Studies Quantitative or Qualitative?
Qualitative usually. Quantitative data possibly from questionaire's/experimental testing on the person.
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What are the strengths of Case Studies?
Triangulation - Use different methods. Indepth and Detailed. Can lead to further research
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What are the limitations of Case Studies?
Cannot generalise because of individual differences. This means you cannot support your findings;making it unrepeatable and unreliable. Researcher may lost objectivity if they get too involved.
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Explain Content Analysis
Indirectly study people. No ethical issues nor demand characteristics! Secondary Data. The aim is to summerize data and describe this communication in a systematic way.
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Explain Coding and Quantitative Data
Categorising information into meaningful units. The initial stage. Make inferences about the message - your opinion may be biased leading to different results.
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Who are Waynorth and Dunbar?
1995. They carried out a content analysis on a lonely hearts column. They discovered gender differences. Men advertised rescources whereas Women advertised their attractiveness.
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Explain Thematic and Qualitative Data
Looks for emergent themes in data, codes them and then interprets their meaning. Themes may only emerge once data has been coded. A theme refers to any idea, explicit or implicit. These are more likely to be more qualitative than coding.
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What are the three Design Decisions?
Sampling Method - Time or Event? Recording Data - Video or Written? Individual or Team? Analysing Data - Categorised or Coded? Quantitative or Qualitative?
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What are the Strengths of Content Analysis?
No ethical Issues and it is Flexible between qualitative and quantitative data
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What are the Weaknesses of Content Analysis?
Bias Researchers, People studies indirectly meaning researched may interpret opinions that weren't intended originally. Cannot establish cause.
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Define Reliability
Consistency of a Test or a Procedure
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Define Test Retest
Doing the same test with the same person on a different occasion.
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Define Inter observer reliability
Assessing the consistence of measurement between different observers.
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Why do we use Pilot Studies?
To detect any problems before the real run.
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How do you improve the reliability of a Questionaire?
Used closed questions, with fixed responses, rather than open questions which allow the possibility of slight changes to the answer each time. Use the same interviewer, fully trained interviewers.
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How do you improve the reliability of Observations?
The more operationalised the category, the more likely it is that the observation will be reliable.
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Define Internal Validity
Whether the researcher has managed to measure what they set out to measure. Does it reflect the study? Is it due to the variable that is being tested?
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Define External Validity
Whether the findings can be generalised beyond the research setting in which they were found.
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What factors might affect the internal validity of a test?
Extraneous Variables, Demand Characteristics, Observor Bias
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Define Ecological Validity
Whether we can generalise the findings from one setting to another and everyday life. E.G. Hoffling's 'Nurse Study'
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Define Temporal Validity
Whether the findings of a test only relate to the time in which they were carried out or whether they hold true over time. E.G. Asch's Study, a child of it's time!
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Explain Face Validity
Whether a test or scale appears 'on the face of it' to measure what it is supposed to measure. Getting an expert in the field to look over the test and come to a decision. See if the questions are valid.
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Explain Concurrent Validity
Whether the findings from a particular test match the findings of another recognised or well-established test. If the resulting correlation coefficient was above +0.8 then it has concurrent validity.
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How do you improve validity in an experiment?
You need a control goup to compare/ Standardised procedures help to minimise the impact of a participant reactivity and investigator effects on the validity. Use of single and double blind procedures.
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How do you improve validity in questionaire's?
Include a lie scale within the questions to check the honesty of the participant. Anonymity.
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What are the 5 features of a science?
Paradigms and Paradigm Shift, Theory Construction and Hypothesis Testing, Falsifiability, Replicability, Objectivity and Empiricism.
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What did Kuhn believe?
A shared set of assumptions was an important feature of science (this is called a paradigm.) "Psychology is a pre-science because it doesn't have a paradigm"
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What did Feyerabend suggest?
Kuhn's conception of a 'proper science' is flawed
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Define Theory
Broad, Natural explanation for a wide range of phenomena. They're concise, coherent, systematic, predictive and broadly applicable, often generalising hypothesis
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Can the humanistic approach be falsified?
No because dreams and unconcious states cannot be tested
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why can't you use 'this proves'?
There is always a chance in the future that the hypothesis would be disproved.
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Why is it important for research to be replicated?
To assure that extraneous variables have not affected the findings. The likelyhood of the same difference occuring twice is much smaller than when they occur the first time.
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Define Independants Group Design
Each participant takes part in one condition
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Define Repeated Measures Design
Each participant takes part in all conditions
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Define matched paris design
Participants in different conditions are compared based upon e.g. IQ. Matched upon important characteristics. They're then split to each conditions.
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Explain nominal data
Data is in speratae categories (frequencies) - sometimes referred to as categorical data. Discrete E.G. asking someone to name their favourite TV programme, their vote only appears in one category.
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Explain Ordianl Data
Data is ranked in some way. E.G. If i asked everyone in he class to rate how much they like psychology on a scale of 1-10
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Interval Data
numerical scales that are units of equal, precisely defined sizes.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Are Case Studies Quantitative or Qualitative?

Back

Qualitative usually. Quantitative data possibly from questionaire's/experimental testing on the person.

Card 3

Front

What are the strengths of Case Studies?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the limitations of Case Studies?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Explain Content Analysis

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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