Y12 Summer Mock - Germany - Revision

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Why was Kaiser Wilhelm I criticized?
Seen as a 'shadow monarch' who was not involved in Weimar
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Was Germany in a strong position in WWI?
No - they were losing, but generals did not indicate any sign of defeat...German people had false hope
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Upon finding out about Germany losing the war, October Reforms were put in place

What were the October Reforms?
- Prince Max becoming Chancellor
- The Chancellor becomes responsible to the Reichstag
-The civil government control the army
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Why were these implemented?
To make Germany more democratic (demanded by the people)
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On October 3rd, Prince Max wrote the 'peace note' - what was this?
A letter to US President Woodrow Wilson requesting an armistice
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Why did the November Revolution take place?
Unrest in the navy spread across Germany - eventually reaching the workers, people wanted a democratic republic.
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When and why did the Kaiser abdicate?
Abdication was announced by Prince Max on November 9th. This was the only way to achieve an armistice and a democracy in Germany.
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Who became Chancellor after Prince Max resigned? What was his political party?
Ebert (SPD)
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Name some DEMOCRATIC features of the Weimar Constitution
Individual voting rights (women)
Method of voting (proportional representation)
Welfare state
Full democracy in local/central govt
Opportunity for referendums
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Name three UNDEMOCRATIC features of the Weimar Constitution
Article 48
Consequences of proportional representation (coalition governments/proliferation of smaller parties)
Institutions supporting autocracy (judiciary, civil service, army)
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How many coalition governments were there between 1919 and 1923?
10
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Why did the constitution cause political instability?
Lack of democracy
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What else caused this?
-TOV
-Government not doing enough
-Invasion of the Ruhr/hyperinflation
-Limited support
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What was the Spartacist Uprising (Jan 1919)?
A group of Spartacists (communists) wished to overthrow the government in Berlin -> supported by 100,000 workers.
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Who led the Spartacist Uprising?
Karl Liebknecht & Rosa Luxemburg
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How was the uprising crushed?
Ebert used the Freikorps (old army units) to crush the uprising
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What was the Ebert-Groener pact?
The army agreed to support the new government if they remained independent
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Name three left-wing uprisings between 1919-23
Spartacist Uprising (Jan 1919)
Spartacist uprising in Berlin (May 1919)
Workers defeat of the Kapp Putsch (1920)
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What was the Kapp Putsch (Feb 1920)?
A right-wing uprising to overthrow the government in Berlin -> started after defense minister Noske had ordered Freikorps units to disband
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How was the Kapp Putsch crushed?
Ebert called on workers to end the putsch -> the government itself was too weak
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How many assassinations were there between 1919 and 1923?
376
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Give an example of a political assassination
USPD minister Hugo Hasse shot by the Patriotic League in October 1919
Walter Rathenau - June 1922 -> shot by Organisation Consul for being Jewish and involvement in the TOV
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What was the Munich Putsch (November 1923)?
Hitler schemed with Gustav Von Kahr (state commissioner in Bavaria) to march in Berlin, but was rejected.
On November 8th, Nazis and General Ludendorff marched into a beer hall in Munich (where Kahr spoke) and declared a 'revolution' - wanted to restore a
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Why did the Munich Putsch fail?
Upon trapping Kahr, Hitler left the beer hall. Ludendorff allowed Kahr and other leaders to walk free.
Soldiers were stopped by police - leading to a dispute that weakened forces.
Support was weak regardless
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What were the important consequences of the putsch?
Ludendorff acquitted from trial for being a 'war hero'. Hitler only served 9 months of a 5 year sentence.
Hitler gained media popularity and spread his beliefs.
He understood the need to manipulate the government if he wanted real change
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What does this reveal about the stability of Weimar governments?
Very weak and not well supported
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Why did Germany need to economically recover by 1923?
-Hyperinflation
-War debt
-Reparations
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Give an example of the Reichmark's inflation
In November 1923 - 1 dollar was equivalent to 200,000,000 marks
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Who began economic recovery?
Stresemann
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What was the 'policy of fulfilment'?
Complying or fulfilling the terms of the Treaty of Versailles to improve foreign relations (Britain & France) - encouraging them to revise the terms.
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What did the policy of fulfilment include?
Ending passive resistance
Balancing the budget (raising taxes/reducing expenditure)
New currency (Rentenmark) - at 30% of value of old currency
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How did people react to the policy of fulfilment?
Many didn't agree - it was unpopular and made Germany appear weak in comparison to the allies who made the TOV.
Some approved as this reduced government expenditure and was crucial in ending hyperinflation
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What were the consequences of this?
- More unemployment
-Extremism (e.g Munich Putsch)
- Inflation controlled
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How many civil servants lost their jobs under Stresemann?
300,000 -> workforces were reduced
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What was the Dawes Plan (1924)?
Created by banker Charles Dawes
1) USA loans money to Germany (800 million)
2) Germany repays France their reparations figure
3) France uses reparations payments to repay war debts to the USA & import goods
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Terms?
- 800 million marks to be loaned to Germany
- A temporary arrangement
- Allies to control payments
-Payments vary based on economic performance over 5 years (1000 million - 2500 million marks)
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What were the consequences of the Dawes Plan?
Made reparations payments more manageable
The Franco-Belgian forces left the Ruhr

Opposition from the right-wing
Stresemann himself unsure -> only saw the plan as an 'economic armistice'
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What was the Young Plan?
reated by Owen Young (Germany was represented by Schacht)
Obliged reparations payments until 1988 -> payments would be made annually
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What did the Young Plan reduce the reparations figure to
£1.8 billion / 37,000 million marks
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

No - they were losing, but generals did not indicate any sign of defeat...German people had false hope

Back

Was Germany in a strong position in WWI?

Card 3

Front

- Prince Max becoming Chancellor
- The Chancellor becomes responsible to the Reichstag
-The civil government control the army

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

To make Germany more democratic (demanded by the people)

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A letter to US President Woodrow Wilson requesting an armistice

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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