World Englishes

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Define 'Linguistic Variety'
Any language which is sufficiently different from but mutually intelligible with another one.
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How can Linguistic Differentiation be grounded?
Diatopic Variants (Geographically), Diachronic Variants (Historically) and Diastrastic Variants (Socially)
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What are the key characteristics of a language versus a dialect?
Language is standardised and has norms, functions in society. Standard languages gain political and social importance and have extensive codification.
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What is the difference between accent and dialect?
Accent is mainly phonetically different, dialect is different at various levels including lexically, phonetically, syntactically and pragmatically.
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What are the 3 major claims made against the use of regional accents?
They are ugly, they are incorrect and they are lazy.
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What is the difference between rhotic varieties and non-rhotic varieties of English?
Rhotic are Northern hemisphere, non-rhotic is Southern hemisphere.
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Briefly describe the 4 diasporas of English Varieties
1st = Born in Southern England, spread within British Isles.
2nd = Spread to America, Canada and Australia
3rd = Smaller locations spoken alongside other languages
4th = Becoming global language, second foreign language and foreign language.
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What are the 5 Typal Classification Varieties?
Settler varieties, Non-settler varieties, Shift varieties, Pidgins and Creoles and Immigrant Varieties
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What are the phonological features of Cockney?
/h/ dropping, /t/ replaced by glottal stop, /f/ instead of /th/ (dental fricatives produced as labial dental fricatives), dark /l/ vocalised to become [o]. Fronting diphthongs such as /ei/ become /ai/.
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What are some morphological features of Cockney?
'me' instead of 'my', double negatives, 'was' for 'were', 'ain't' for 'haven't', adverbs without -ly suffix.
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What are some phonological features of Estuary English?
Glottal stops in word final position, intrusive 'r', 'happy vowel' is long, [aeu] vowel becomes [ai], dark 'l' can be vocalised.
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What is socio-indexical meaning?
The non-linguistic meaning transmitted by a speaker with speech. E.g. the way they give away their gender, age or social class when they talk.
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What is an isogloss?
Lines on a map marking linguistic borders.
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What are some features of Northern English accents?
Strut vs Foot vowel, 'bath' vowel (long a vs short a), final rises in intonation.
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What are some phonological features of Scottish English?
'ei' diphthong pronounced with 'e', short vowels instead of long vowels e.g. 'bath', rhotic variety so 'r' produced as 'l', 'wh' is breathy, devoiced. 'au' pronounced 'o', always dark 'l', post-vocalic 'r' is always pronounced.
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What are some morphological/syntactic features of Scottish English?
-ing form for stative verbs, want/need + past participle, no do-support for verb 'have', 'will' instead of 'shall'
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What are some phonological features of Irish English?
Aspiration/frication of 't' at the end, rhoticity, 'th' pronounced as 't', words such as 'many' and 'any' have /ae/ instead of /e/, final plosives can be aspirated.
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What are some morpho-syntactic features of Irish English?
Reduplication, 'Yes' and 'No' tend to be avoided, 'Do be' as habitual 'be', 'will' instead of 'shall'
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Explain George Wenker's Dialectological Survey
One of the first. Sent out questionnaires to school masters in Germany. Took 10 yrs. Could not demonstrate precise pronunciation, and there was subjective and prescriptive bias.
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Explain Jules Gilliéron Dialectological Survey method
Trained a fieldworker in phonetic transcription, sent him around France. Used 1500 different words in 639 survey points.
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What is the strut/foot vowel merger?
When there is no difference in pronunciation between the strut and foot vowel. Used in Northern varieties.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How can Linguistic Differentiation be grounded?

Back

Diatopic Variants (Geographically), Diachronic Variants (Historically) and Diastrastic Variants (Socially)

Card 3

Front

What are the key characteristics of a language versus a dialect?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the difference between accent and dialect?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the 3 major claims made against the use of regional accents?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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