b1.6 Variation and reproduction

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What is a gamete?
A sex cell
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Where is genetic information carried and how is it passed on through generations?
In the nucleus, passed down by reproduction
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What are chromosomes made of?
DNA
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What shape is DNA?
Double helix
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How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
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Why is it said that chromosomes come in pairs?
1/2 from your mother and half from your father makes 23 pairs
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What are the units of inheritance?
Genes
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How do genes control development and your characteristics?
By controlling all the different enzymes and other proteins made in your body
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How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction and what are the offspring of it called?
One - there is no variety so it produces clones
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When might body cells reproduce asexually?
For growth/repair
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What organisms commonly reproduce asexually?
Small plants and animals, bacteria
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How many parents are involved in sexual reproduction and how does this introduce variety?
2 - you get some characteristics from both parents
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What are the gametes called in plants?
Ovules and pollen
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What are the gametes called in animals?
Ova (eggs) and sperm
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Why is variety so important?
It makes it more likely that some offspring will have the ability to survive difficult conditions
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Why are identical twins so similar?
They come from the same fertilised egg
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What 3 factors determine what your characteristics are?
Genetic, environmental and combined variety
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How can gardeners produce clones of their plants?
Cuttings - take a small piece of a plant and put it in the right conditions (moist) and new roots and shoots will form
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How can you produce thousands of clones of one plant very quickly?
Tissue culture - using cells to grow whole new plants
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How can cloning help farmers produce more high quality calves?
Clone embryos from the best cows
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Give 2 ways in which you can collect fertilised cow eggs?
Fertilise inside and wash out embryos, or collect eggs then IVF
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Describe the process of cloning cattle embryos
Divide embryos into individual cells --> each cell grows into an identical embryo in a lab --> put embryos in host mums --> identical cloned calves are born
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What is adult cell cloning?
When a whole new animal is produced from the cell of another animal
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Describe the process of adult cell cloning
Nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell. Nucleus taken from an adult body cell of the same species and inserted into the egg cell. The new cell is given a tiny electric shock so it starts dividing and inserted into a womb to cont. developing
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What is genetic engineering?
Changing the genetic material of an organism
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Explain how gene engineering can be used to reproduce a human protein
Genes from a human chromosome can be cut out using a special enzyme & transferred to a bacterium which carries on making the human protein
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What is human engineering?
Putting healthy genes into affected cells
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What are 3 problems that could arise from genetic engineering?
Insects becoming resistant to pesticides; genes form GM plants/animals spreading to the countryside; people using human engineering to make 'designer' babies
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What are the problems of cloning pets?
Difficult; expensive; many attempts needed; clone may look different to original; there are cats in shelters
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Where is genetic information carried and how is it passed on through generations?

Back

In the nucleus, passed down by reproduction

Card 3

Front

What are chromosomes made of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What shape is DNA?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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