'teleos' means goal or purpose, focuses on the consequences of an an action rather than the action itself
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who was Jeremy Bentham?
proposed the original idea for utilitarianism from a hedonists pov (pleasure orientated)
focused around the idea of 'greatest good for the greatest number'
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what are the 3 key parts of Bentham's theory?
the principle of utility- The rightness or wrongness of an action based on its usefulness.
the motivation of humans- Humans are motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
the hedonic calculus
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what is the hedonic calculus?
The Duration, Remoteness, Purity, Repetition, Extent, Certainty and Chance of Success that any decision made will result in the greatest happiness for the greatest number
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what is Jeremy Bentham's version of utilitarianism know as?
Act Utilitarianism and involves the application of utilitarianism as far as possible to each situation individually
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who was JS mill?
Mill was a Hedonist and accepted that happiness is of the greatest importance in life.
He stressed Happiness rather than Pleasure
wrote of liberty
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what was js mills happiness principle?
he says that decisions should be right or wrong based on their production of happiness and not of pleasure or pain
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what did peter singer say?
Singer, R.M Hare and Richard Brandt pioneered the idea of 'Preference Utilitarianism'
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what is preference utilitarianism?
judges an action right or wrong according to how far they fit the preferences of the people involved.
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what are criticisms of Jeremy Bentham?
based on an 18th concept of human nature, outdated?
doesn't help everyone, minority groups
do pleasurable experiences necessarily lead to human contentment
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what are lower and higher pleasures (js mill)
lower pleasures- eating a meal, drinking, sex. they make the individual happy but it does not advance a persons nature
higher pleasures- the arts, educational improvement, philosophical improvement. make people happy because they are progressive
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what was js mills quote?
"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied, better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.
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what are criticisms of js mill?
very optimistic of human nature, that people will automatically want to do what is the best/ good
mills higher and lower pleasures are meaningless- people get pleasure from something or they don't
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what is act utilitarianism?
the value of an act is the amount it increases general utility or happiness
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what are the strengths and limits of act utilitarianism?
It allows exceptions to a particular rule or law if the exception appears to maximise human welfare
It is possible for an Act Utilitarian to decide to do one thing in a particular situation and the opposite a few hours later - moral inconsistency
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what is rule utilitarianism?
Moral laws must be obeyed
these rules are selected on the basis of whether they will maximise general good or welfare in society
General moral rules exist in order to achieve benefit for the majority of people in society
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what are criticisms of rule utilitarianism?
How is it possible to universalize the concept of general benefit or happiness?
Do not moral laws often conflict
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what is preference utilitarianism?
values actions that fulfil the most personal interests, as opposed to actions that generate most pleasure
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what are criticisms of preference utilitarianism?
Human beings do not live a life of preferences, but rather a life of necessities
Preferences are not static things
Preference is a consequence of what is available rather than what people really prefer/want
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