ussr ; fall ; economic weakness ; gorby's initial eco reforms

gorby initial steps cautious nd began with positioning what?

like-minded reformers into key positions

1 of 167

what happened to one of main politburo rivals romanov?

dismissed in july '85

2 of 167

yeltsin and yakovlev were promoted to central committee in what year?

'86

3 of 167

at that pt what was gorby now ready to do?

launch economic reforms

4 of 167

his initial approach echoed that of his mentor?

andropov

5 of 167

campaign to attack problem of?

rampant alcoholism

6 of 167

this would improve which two things?

health of pop / productivity of workforce

7 of 167

byt mid-'80s alcohol acct for what % household spending?

15%

8 of 167

partly explained by lack of what?

other goods in shops

9 of 167

but whatever cause detrimental for workforce many of whom regularly turned up?

drunk

10 of 167

as gorby put it in his april '85 st8ment?

'we can't build communism on vodka'

11 of 167

gov introduced measures to curb drinking like legal age raised to what?

21

12 of 167

what happened to no retail outlets alcohol could b bought at?

reduced

13 of 167

what happened to vineyards?

destroyed

14 of 167

and distilleries?

closed

15 of 167

what happened to cost shop vodka?

tripled

16 of 167

some benefits at first but what happened to tax revenues?

fellmarkedly

17 of 167

and caused what?

serious shortfall of budget

18 of 167

what happened to drinking levels after a while?

rose

19 of 167

why?

moonshine produced in large qs

20 of 167

soon became more clear what wouldn't solve underlying workforce problems?

relying on them to become more sober

21 of 167

- 12th 5yp

sdfd

22 of 167

key issue remained of how to improve level of what in economy?

growth

23 of 167

gov fell back on traditional soviet method of?

increasing investment

24 of 167

controlled by?

central planning

25 of 167

to push economy to?

greater production

26 of 167

hoped this would accelerate what?

growth in economy

27 of 167

focus of investment would be which 3 things?

science / research / engineering

28 of 167

approach to be implemented in?

12th 5yp

29 of 167

of years?

'86-'90

30 of 167

- key weaknesses

gfg

31 of 167

ussr investment was heavily skewed towards what?

construction projects

32 of 167

but these had habit fo leading to what for factories to be equipped?

extra spending

33 of 167

therefore these projects tended to lead to what?

overspends

34 of 167

and did what more than originally intended?

sucks in more investment

35 of 167

soviet industry became notorious for using what kind of equipment?

out of deat / breakdown prone

36 of 167

old factories relied on old equipment and became incresaingly?

unproductive

37 of 167

soviet industry slow to use new tech and imports of foregin tech were drain on?

valuable foreign exchange

38 of 167

which was often needed to?

import food

39 of 167

what was swallowing vast sums investment that weren;t leading to productivity improvements?

agricultural sector

40 of 167

gov reached point where they realised what about diverting additional agriculture sums?

little to gain in production growth terms

41 of 167

focus still remained in what over what?

quantity over wuality

42 of 167

traditional soviet emphasis on meeting mumerical targets often meant what?

quality poor

43 of 167

sometimes so poor products were?

unusable

44 of 167

thus gorbys acceleration policy did little to address what?

fundamental weakness of soviet economy

45 of 167

part of problem was level of what?

opposition

46 of 167

and much of this came from where?

party and state eco planning apparatus

47 of 167

under 12th 5yp gorby tried to streamline state apparatus in attempt to do whaT?

avoid waste through duplication and cut rivalry by competing interests for available resources

48 of 167

rather rhan decentralise eco decision-making what did he set up?

'superministeries'

49 of 167

to achieve?

better co-ordination of economic activity and reduce waste

50 of 167

were superministries able to bring about these changes?

nope

51 of 167

what was chief obstacle of reforms?

being implemented by ppl whose privileged positions reforms were trying to reduce

52 of 167

changes to what also came up against military resistance?

investment priorities

53 of 167

who were powerful in pushing for investment in?

military tech

54 of 167

industria and military investment could only be increased if?

other sectors suffered (this is like glee with the cheerios and the glee club all over again)

55 of 167

and this posed threat to gov ability to do what for public?

maintain goods for them to consume

56 of 167

alternative was which unsustainable short-term remedy?

go into deficit

57 of 167

in '85 deficit of soviet economy was what % gdp?

2.4%

58 of 167

and in '86?

6.2%

59 of 167

what about gorby exacerbated the situation?

inability to grapple with underlying probs

60 of 167

problems weren't helped with ongoing war where?

afghanistan

61 of 167

wihch increased spending on what?

defence

62 of 167

in lght of usa's plans to develop what?

star wars programme

63 of 167

which was their programme for dev of what in space?

ballistic-missiles

64 of 167

it was clear real change would require what?

much more fundamental reform

65 of 167

ECONOMIC PERESTROIKA

DFGD

66 of 167

bywhat year did gorby announce more fundamental restructuring was needed?

'87

67 of 167

if state apparatus was obstacle to reform it was better to do what?

use methods outside of state

68 of 167

when did he announce perestroika?

january '87

69 of 167

at what event?

plenum of the central comittee

70 of 167

he hoped economy could be revitalised by allowing element of?

private trade

71 of 167

and inroducing?

market mechanisms

72 of 167

what was market mechanism?

using practices of capitalist economy to determine prices > state

73 of 167

this would put in place series of what that would encourage production?

incentives

74 of 167

and give greater what than command economy?

flexibility

75 of 167

in doing what?

meeting population needs

76 of 167

--- key perestroika reforms

dfgd

77 of 167

- encouragement of joint ventures

dgdg

78 of 167

when?

january '87

79 of 167

gov allowed who to est business in ussr?

foreign firms

80 of 167

usually in joint enterprises with?

state

81 of 167

moscow got first mcdonalds in what year?

1990

82 of 167

gorby hoped joint ventures with foreign businesses wouldopen ussr to what?

more modern tech

83 of 167

- law on state enterprises

dgdg

84 of 167

when?

june '87

85 of 167

allowed loosening of state controls over which two things?

wages and prices

86 of 167

and as consequence weakened who's authority?

gosplan

87 of 167

also allowed element of election in choice of?

managers

88 of 167

factories given right to do what once state targets had been met?

produce what they liked

89 of 167

- co-ops legalised

dfgd

90 of 167

when?

'88

91 of 167

allowed small-scale waht to be established?

private enterprises

92 of 167

these businesses could do what?

set own prices

93 of 167

result was flourishing sector of wht developing?

cafes / restaurants / smallshops

94 of 167

use of term 'co-operatives' appealed to who in party?

conservatives

95 of 167

who feared what?

dismantling of socialis

96 of 167

girby thus able partly disguise what?

move toward more market-based economy

97 of 167

IMPACT OF PERESTROIKA

GDG

98 of 167

what showed small increase in growth rate?

food production

99 of 167

what % in '86?

1%

100 of 167

and in '87?

2%

101 of 167

but still inadequate to?

feed growing population

102 of 167

what % ussr foodstuffs imported?

20%

103 of 167

enterprises still subject to what?

state interference

104 of 167

state decided on wht?

allocation of materials

105 of 167

principle of devolving some power to mangers often depended on what?

attitude of state bureaucrats

106 of 167

many of whom preferred to keep tight control to ensure what?

targets met

107 of 167

products especially which inparticualr diverted from state shops?

foodstuffs

108 of 167

to where?

co-operatives

109 of 167

which was cheaper

state shops

110 of 167

so what did this produce/

inflation

111 of 167

and did waht for state shops?

strpped of many supplies

112 of 167

particularly bad impact on who?

pensioners

113 of 167

and other groups who lived on?

fixed income

114 of 167

co-ops able to shop around for buyer that would do wht?

offer them good price for goods

115 of 167

resulted in deals being concluded with who?

richer city authorities

116 of 167

leaving poorer cities deviod of?

adequate food + other basic products

117 of 167

co-ops proved to be more productive than state sector and what didn't go unnoticed?

potential for profits

118 of 167

result was that they attracted attention of who?

corrupt gov officials

119 of 167

who demanded bribes for what?

permission to operate

120 of 167

criminal gangs also saw potential to exact money through?

extortion rackets

121 of 167

these gangs became powerful (much like al capone) through which policy of gorbys?

no alcohol

122 of 167

why?

they seized opportunity to make it illegally

123 of 167

they now had chance to do what?

add to wealth

124 of 167

uncertainty over supplies encouraged wave of wha?

hoarding

125 of 167

what haooened to shops asagoods arrived?

quickly emptied

126 of 167

what was introduced in some cities to ease situation?

rationing

127 of 167

in '88 how many regions were there in russia?

55

128 of 167

how many of those rationed meat?

26

129 of 167

implementation of principle of electing managers resulted in what?

steep wage rise

130 of 167

urban wages rose by what % in '88?

9%

131 of 167

and in '89?

13%

132 of 167

foreign companies keen to invest were faced with what that made process slow?

endless bureaucracy

133 of 167

sometimes did what for potential investors?

put off completely

134 of 167

by end '90 nearly how many foreign ventures in ussr?

3,000

135 of 167

but most were v what that made them do little for economy?

small scale

136 of 167

reforms often undermined by whi>

officials

137 of 167

in cities what happened to reforms?

ignored / sabotaged

138 of 167

in leningrad what did city admin do with all sausages?

withdrew from shops and warehouses and buried them

139 of 167

situation made worse by fall in price of

oil

140 of 167

significant impact as ussr had become more reliant on using oil exports as source of wha?

foreign exchange

141 of 167

by '84 oil and gas accounted for what % soviet exports?

54%

142 of 167

reform weakened apparatus of st8 planning but also what?

provided little to replace

143 of 167

by end '89 soviet economy increasingly in debt and approaching?

crisis pt

144 of 167

had gorby's promise of improved consumer goods been achieved?

nah not even

145 of 167

what had his reforms done?

made worse

146 of 167

what had increased?

strikes

147 of 167

and workers where protested over unpaid wages / food shortages?

don basin

148 of 167

gov response was to introduce which short-term measure?

quickly increase wages

149 of 167

also why little pt in having more money?

nothing in shop 2 buy

150 of 167

gorby's inability to bring about improved eco sitch did what for political power / position?

undermined

151 of 167

also led to way to seemed only solution?

dismantling soviet economy system

152 of 167

STATE COMMISSION ON ECONOMIC REFORM

DFHFDG

153 of 167

when did they issue their report?

july '89

154 of 167

stating what was needed?

Get Revising

ussr ; fall ; economic weakness ; gorby's initial eco reforms

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