Unit 2: The Nazi Machinery Of Terror.
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From what type of family did Himmler come from? (2.)
A middle class family in Munich.
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In what year did Himmler join the Nazi party?
1923.
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To which group were the ** an off-shoot group of?
The SA.
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How many members did the ** begin with when they first began?
250 members.
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What was original and main task of the **?
To be private bodyguards to Hitler.
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In what year did Himmler take over the ** and was did he being to do from then on in?
1929 and from then he began to transform the ** from a small and insignificant group to an elite paramilitary force of the Nazi party and the of Germany.
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Describe ** member's uniform. (2.)
They wore special black uniforms with the ** double lightening bolt logo
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What were the two things that the ** were renowned for specifically?
Blind obedience and total commitment.
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Was the ** kept small? (2.)
Yes, which characterised it for the much larger SA.
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By 1933, how many members did the ** have?
52,000 members.
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By 1933, how many members did the SA have?
3 million.
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What were the two ideals/entry requirements that Himmler wanted from ** members?
He wanted men that had pure German blood that had ideal/Nordic Aryan features.
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What did the ** become post the Night of the Long Knives?
An independent group.
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In what year did Himmler become the Reichsführer and chief of all German police, to make him one of the most powerful people in Germany?
1936.
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What did Himmler say about his views on terror?
"The best political weapon is the weapon of terror. Cruelty commands respect. Men may hate us. But we don't ask for their love; only for their fear."
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What was the SD both in German and English?
Sicherheitsdienst, meaning the Secret Service.
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What was the SD in Germany's whole polling service?
The main and official intelligence-gatheing service.
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Who were the SD originally established to serve?
The Nazi party.
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Who was the leader of the SD?
Reinhard Heydrich.
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In what year did the SD become the state Secret Service?
1938.
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What was the role of the SD?
It was to identify actual or potential enemies of the Nazi leadership.
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How many full time agents did the SD have?
A few hundred.
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How many volunteer informants did the SD have?
Several thousand.
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When historians looked into the SD, what did they find about typical agents? (4.)
That they were often young and well-educated men, that would have shown no sign of being a fanatical Nazi, making them more effective.
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Complete the following sentence: the SD focussed on all aspects of _______________? (6.)
Education, the arts, government, administration, churches and the Jewish community.
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What did the SD do for foreign affairs?
They tracked the foreign reporting of German news and they attempted to look for spy networks that served non-German states/countries.
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What did SD agents write, based upon their findings from investigations?
They wrote extensive reports on the morale and attitude-of the German people-towards the issue being investigated.
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What did these reports allow the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda to do?
They allowed them to tailor their propaganda/public indoctrination, where it was necessary.
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Who did the SD pass their reports to, instead of taking their now action?
The Gestapo.
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What did Hitler once describe Heydrich as?
"The man with the iron heart."
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In what year did Heydrich join the **?
1931.
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In what year did Heydrich lead the newly established SD and why was he chosen to do so?
1932; he impressed the Nazi leadership during his year at the **.
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Was Heydrich responsible for most horrible events that happened as a result of the Nazi Machinery Of Terror, due to the findings of the SD?
Yes.
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In what year did Heydrich run a Gestapo team that developed the evidence against Röhm and then carried out many of the Night of the Long Knives murders?
1934.
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In June of 1936, what happened to Heydrich and Himmler? (4.)
All of the German police forces were united into one, with Himmler as its director and Heydrich as his deputy director and they were therefore both two of the most important people in Germany and in the Nazi regime.
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Who were the most infamous Nazi terror organisation?
The Gestapo.
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Was the Gestapo directly controlled by the Nazis?
No, it was not.
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What did Göring- the ordinal leader of the Gestapo- say was its purpose?
"To investigate all political activities in the entire state that pose a danger to the state."
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What happened to the coordination of the Gestapo and the SD in 1936 and why? (4.)
They were both placed alongside each other under the control of Heydrich; they could use each other's information easyily and they had similar goals.
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At the height of the Gestapo, how many active officers did it have in comparison to the active police population of how many officers?
It had 15,000 active officers, in contrast with the national police population of 66 million.
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In terms of the Gestapo, how many people would one officer have to deal with (statistically) in Germany in the 1930s?
It was one officer per 4,400 people.
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Give two powers that the Gestapo had.
They had the power to arrest and imprison any people suspected (only) of opposing the Nazi regime and Germany and abroad.
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In the early 1930s who did the Gestapo target?
Political oppositions.
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In the later 1930s, what three more types of people were targeted by the Gestapo?
Jews, homosexuals and religious dissenters.
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What two powers did the Gestapo have, in terms of investigation (not interrogation) techniques?
The power to tap telephones and open private mail.
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Who did the Gestapo mostly rely on and how could they rely on this?
They mostly relied on volunteer informants and they could rely on these; they often overheard conversations or they may have general suspicion only.
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Who-from the Nazi structure-also offered the Gestapo intel?
The Block Leaders.
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What were the Block Leader's initial purpose?
To spread Nazi indoctrination.
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Between how many residences would the male Block Leaders get to know?
40 to 60 residences in their local area.
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Where did other denunciations originate from?
The general public.
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What would happen to all denunciations, no matter how trivial they were? (2.)
They were all investigated and all of he accused were always brought into their local Gestapo office for interrogation.
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What did the Gestapo often find about their general public denunciations?
That they were based upon spite.
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Give an example of a grudge-based denunciation, from the general public.
eg: One housewife in Mannheim told that the Gestapo that her husband was always criticising the Nazis and when this was investigated it turns out that the wife wanted her husband to be arrested, so that she may continue her affair with a solider.
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Give four methods of Gestapo interrogation.
Beatings with rubber truncheons, beatings with bamboo canes, sleep deprivation and electrocution.
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Why is the extent of Gestapo torture not definite, but why are the techniques known? (4.)
As the Gestapo destroyed most of its papers in the final days of the war; however, living victims of this told of the techniques used, but this cannot be defined on a larger scale, due to the paper destruction.
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In which three places do three sets of records still remain from the local Gestapo offices there and what do these records show?
Speyer, Würzburg and Düsseldorf and these also reveal what sources lead to this person's event.
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What did the Nazis inherit when they initially took control of Germany in January of 1933?
A justice system with professional and independent police workers and judges.
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What happened to potential enemies-to the Nazi regime-that worked in the German justice system and who were they replaced with?
They were removed from their ranks/positions and then Nazis were moved into these positions of power.
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What two things did the Nazis taking control of the justice system allow them to do?
It allowed them to pass any laws they passed without opposition and they could enforce any punishment against "guilty" (enemies of the Nazis.)
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Why did police react well to the Nazi takeover?
As their powers were increased.
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What two things did the Nazis do to the police service in Germany?
They centralised the police service and offered it more funding.
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When were the police put under ** control snd encouraged to join forces with them, to give them both more power?
1936.
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What were the Orpo?
The German ordinary police.
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What were the Kripo?
The German criminal police.
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What did the Orpo and Kripo continue to do post the Nazi and ** takeover of them? (2.)
The continued to investigate crimes and carry out their community duties daily.
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How were the German police beneficial to the Nazi Machinery of Terror? (2.)
They provided intelligence on potential enemies and they also arrested them.
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What did judges have to do, to be in court?
Swear an oath to Hitler.
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Did the Nazi era see more severe punishments in court?
Yes, by a lot.
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How many death penalties were issued in 1933, in Germany?
3.
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How many death penalties were issued in 1943, in Germany?
46.
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How many people, in total, were sent to their death in Germany, during the Nazi era?
40,000 people.
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What court gave most of these death penalties?
The People's Court.
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Give two facts about the People's Court that made them bias.
There was no jury present and there were predetermined guilty verdicts, depending on if the person was an enemy to the Nazis.
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What was the difference between the concentration and extermination camps?
Concentration camps' purpose was to concentrate the people that threatened the Nazi state and these people were then taken away from society in harsh conditions to then attempt to transform them from political threats to not being one.
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Continued...
Extermination camps, however, were present to unfortunately kill the threats to the Nazi state.
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How many concentration camps were established in 1933?
Over 70.
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Why were concentration camps established in 1933?
To imprison the 45,000 communists, trade unionists and political opponents arrested in this year.
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What happened to guards in the 1933 concentration camps and why?
They were imprisoned for torturing the prisoners too harshly and with very extreme methods.
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What was the name given to the 1933 concentration camps?
Wild camps.
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Who were the wild camps run by?
Mostly by the SA.
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Give two features of the wild camps that make them an embarrassment in 1933.
They were very disorganised and they had very poor conditions.
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When were all of the wild camps shut down?
In the second half of 1933.
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What happened to the prisoners in the wild camps in the second half of 1933?
Most of them were freed and total number of prisoners remaining-to place into German prisons-was 7500.
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In June of 1933, who began to run Dachau and bring order to it?
Theodor Eicke.
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What did Eicke's Death Head soldiers wear on their ** hats?
Skulls, hence their nickname of the, 'Death Heads.'
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What did Eicke establish, and what did it say, that was introduced into all of the concentration camps nationally? (3.)
A code of conduct that gave different punishments for different offences that the prisoner's committed in the camp, meaning it was quite legal.
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What would lesser offences-by the concentration camp prisoners- result in?
A diet of only bread and water.
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What would greater offences-by the concentration camp prisoners- result in? (3.)
These would result in flogging or beatings that were carried out in front of the prisoners to scare them.
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In 1937, what did Himmler declare for guards and what did this cause?
That guards could not be in prison for their actions in the camp, meaning that deaths increased immensely in the camps.
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In 1937, how many deaths were there in Dachau and how did this compare to 1936?
69 deaths, which was seven times as many as 1936.
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During 1937 what were the prisoners being used for and where would they do this?
Manual labour in and out of the camps.
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By the mid 1930s, give four groups of people that began to be admitted to concentration camps.
Criminals, the work shy, religious opponents and Jews began to be forcefully admitted there to.
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In 1938, how many- of the 8000 inmates- were work shy at the Buchenwald camp?
4,600.
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What did the authorities do to the inmates' uniform?
Different groups of people had to wear different coloured triangles on their uniforms.
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By the beginning of WW2, how many prisoners were there in concentration camps?
21,000.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
In what year did Himmler join the Nazi party?
Back
1923.
Card 3
Front
To which group were the ** an off-shoot group of?
Back
Card 4
Front
How many members did the ** begin with when they first began?
Back
Card 5
Front
What was original and main task of the **?
Back
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