- enlargement of penis and testes
- spontaneous erections
- testicles begin to produce sperm
6 of 32
what are secondary sexual characteristics
outward signs of development form a child into man or woman
7 of 32
what are the secondary
sexual characteristics in females
- breasts develop
- hair grows in armpits and pubic area
- redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen
8 of 32
what are the secondary
sexual characteristics in males
- changing in larynx causing voice to deepen
-hair growth in armpits, pubic area and facial hair
- redistribution of muscles tissue and fat
9 of 32
what is cognitive development
refers to how individuals organise their ideas and make sense of the world in which they live in
10 of 32
what did Piaget believe
that there were four stages of intellectual development which mature during the early stages of the life span
11 of 32
what happens during the sensorimotor stage
(0-2)
infants interact by using their senses and as a result invent their own ways to solve problems
12 of 32
what happens during the
pre-operational stage
(2-7)
development of language and make-believe play
Piaget believed at this age children cannot properly understand the concept of conservation (somethings appearance may change but the quantity will stay the same)
13 of 32
what happens during the
concrete operational stage
(7-11)
children's reasoning becomes logical
14 of 32
what happens during the
formal operational stage
(11-18)
abstract thinking begins
15 of 32
what are schemas
a category of knowledge, as well as the process of acquiring knowledge
16 of 32
what is egocentrism
a young Childs inability to see a situation from another persons point of view
17 of 32
what are the criticisms of Piaget
- tests on a small number of children
- adult support children can develop quicker
- others suggest children take longer than 11 years to be able to think logically
18 of 32
what did Chomsky believe
that the ability to develop a signed or spoken language is genetically programmed into individuals
19 of 32
what are the criticisms of Chomsky
- lack of scientific evidence
- bruner argues that social interaction has far more influence than Chomsky suggested
20 of 32
what is self-image
the way an individual see themselves
21 of 32
what is self-esteem
how a person feels about themselves
22 of 32
emotional development in infancy
Bowlby argues that infants have
an inbuilt need to form an attachment
23 of 32
why is attachment important
a secure attachment to a main caregiver means that a child will feel secure, loved and have a sense of belonging
24 of 32
what did Bowlby believe
that children were biologically pre-programmed to form attachments and that infancy is a critical period for forming positive attachments
25 of 32
what are criticisms of Bowlby
- oversimplifies his theory
- Rutter agues that maternal deprivation in itself may not result in long-term problems
26 of 32
what did Gesell believe
development was premeditated and that the environment has little influence. if a child experiences delayed development, then the problems heredity rather than a result of the Childs environment and circumstances
27 of 32
what are the critics of Gesell
maturation theory is not helpful in explaining individual or cultural differences
28 of 32
what did Bandura base his theory on
his observations of learning occurring through observing the behaviours of others
29 of 32
what experiment did Bandura base his theory on
the BoBo doll experiment
in which he demonstrates that children learn and copy aggressive
30 of 32
what is the stress diathesis model
helps to explain how stress
caused by life events can interact with an
individuals genetic vulnerability to impact on their mental wellbeing
31 of 32
what is the social disengagement theory
******* and Henry proposed that older people naturally withdraw from social involvement as they get older
they concluded that older people have restricted opportunities to interact with others
32 of 32
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
development
Back
complex changes including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities
Comments
Report