UK landscapes and Coastal landscape
pg 88-113
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- Created by: Iona112
- Created on: 25-02-22 09:04
what is relief
a term used to describe the physical features of the landscape such as:
- height above sea level
- shapes on landscape features
- steepness of slopes
Determined mainly by its geology, the rocks that form the landscape
- height above sea level
- shapes on landscape features
- steepness of slopes
Determined mainly by its geology, the rocks that form the landscape
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The UK's landscapes
a wide variety of rock types are responsible for creating varying landscapes
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UK's river systems
the UK has a very extensive river system.
most rivers have their source in the mountain ranges or hills and flow to the sea
most rivers have their source in the mountain ranges or hills and flow to the sea
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How do waves form
- Formed by the wind blowing over the sea
- friction with the surface of water causes ripples to form, which develop the wave
- friction with the surface of water causes ripples to form, which develop the wave
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What is the fetch
the distance the wind blows across the water is the fetch
the longer the fetch the more powerful the wave
the longer the fetch the more powerful the wave
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what happens when waves reach the coast
- the seabed interrupts the circular movement of the water.
- as the water becomes shallower the circular motion of the wave becomes elliptical
- causes the crest of the wave to rise up and collapse onto the beach
- direction of waves depend on direction
- as the water becomes shallower the circular motion of the wave becomes elliptical
- causes the crest of the wave to rise up and collapse onto the beach
- direction of waves depend on direction
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what is the swash
the water that rushes up towards the beach when the wave breaks
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what is the backwash
the water that flows back into the sea after rushing up the beach
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constructive waves
-low beach waves that surge up the beach and have a powerful swash
- they carry and deposit large amounts of sand and pebbles onto the beach
- this constructed the beach making it more extensive
- formed by storms far away from the beach
- they carry and deposit large amounts of sand and pebbles onto the beach
- this constructed the beach making it more extensive
- formed by storms far away from the beach
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destructive waves
formed by local storms close to coast
closely spaced waves interfere with each other producing a chaotic swirling mass of water
become high and steep before plunging down onto the beach
weak swash when it breaks but strong backwash that removes sand
closely spaced waves interfere with each other producing a chaotic swirling mass of water
become high and steep before plunging down onto the beach
weak swash when it breaks but strong backwash that removes sand
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Mechanical (physical) weathering
- the disintegration of rocks
- where this happens piles of scree can be found at the foot of cliffs
- where this happens piles of scree can be found at the foot of cliffs
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scree
rock fragments
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chemical weathering
- caused by chemical changes
- rainwater which is slightly acidic very slowly dissolves certain types of rocks and minerals
- rainwater which is slightly acidic very slowly dissolves certain types of rocks and minerals
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biological weathering
- due to the actions of flora and fauna
- plant roots grow in cracks in the rocks
- animals such as rabbits burrow into weak rocks such as sands
- plant roots grow in cracks in the rocks
- animals such as rabbits burrow into weak rocks such as sands
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freeze thaw weathering
mechanical
- water collects in cracks or holes in the rocks
- at night the water freezes and expands making the cracks bigger
- when temperature rises and the ice thaws, water will seep deeper into the rock
- after repeated freezing and thawing, fragmen
- water collects in cracks or holes in the rocks
- at night the water freezes and expands making the cracks bigger
- when temperature rises and the ice thaws, water will seep deeper into the rock
- after repeated freezing and thawing, fragmen
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salt weathering
mechanical
- when seawater evaporates it leaves behind salt crystals
- in cracks and holes these salt crystals grow and expand
- puts pressure on the rocks and flakes may eventually break off
- when seawater evaporates it leaves behind salt crystals
- in cracks and holes these salt crystals grow and expand
- puts pressure on the rocks and flakes may eventually break off
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carbonation
chemical
- rainwater absorbs CO2 from the air and becomes slightly acidic
- contact with alkaline rocks such as chalk and limestone produce a chemical reaction causing the rocks to slowly dissolve
- rainwater absorbs CO2 from the air and becomes slightly acidic
- contact with alkaline rocks such as chalk and limestone produce a chemical reaction causing the rocks to slowly dissolve
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processes of mass movement
- mass movement is the downward movement or sliding of material under the influence of gravity
eg Scarborough in North Yorkshire, 1993, 60 m of cliff slipped onto the beach
eg Scarborough in North Yorkshire, 1993, 60 m of cliff slipped onto the beach
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rockfall
type of mass movement
- fragments of rock break away from the cliff face
- often due to freeze thaw weathering
- fragments of rock break away from the cliff face
- often due to freeze thaw weathering
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landslide
type of mass movement at the coast
- blocks of rock slide downhill
- blocks of rock slide downhill
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Mudflow
type of mass movement at the coast
- saturated soil and weak rock flows down a slope
- saturated soil and weak rock flows down a slope
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rotational slip
type of mass movement at the coast
- slump of saturated soil and week rock along a curved surface
- slump of saturated soil and week rock along a curved surface
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solution
the dissolving of soluble chemicals in rocks
eg. limestone
eg. limestone
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corrasion
fragments of rock are picked up and curled by the sea at the cliffs
the rocks help to erode the rock
the rocks help to erode the rock
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hydraulic power
the power of the waves as they smash onto a cliff
trapped air is forced into holes and cracks in the rock eventually causing the rock to break apart
trapped air is forced into holes and cracks in the rock eventually causing the rock to break apart
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cavitation
the explosive force of trapped air operating in a crack
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abrasion
the 'sandpapering' effect of pebbles grinding over a rocky platform often causing it to become smooth
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attrition
rock fragments carried by the sea knock against one another to become smaller and more rounded
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coastal transportation
sediment of different sizes can be transported in four different ways
- solution
- suspension
- saltation
- traction
- solution
- suspension
- saltation
- traction
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suspension
particles carried within the water
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saltation
a 'hopping' or 'bouncing' motion of particles too heavy to be suspended
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traction
large pebbles rolled along the seabed
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longshore drift
- movement of sediment on a beach depends on the direction that waves approach the coast
- if waves approach at an angles, sediment will be moved up the beach at an angle
- backwash then carries is back down at a right angle
- sediment moves along beach i
- if waves approach at an angles, sediment will be moved up the beach at an angle
- backwash then carries is back down at a right angle
- sediment moves along beach i
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coastal deposition
- takes place in areas where the flow of water slows down
- waves lose energy in sheltered bays or where water is protected by spits and bars
- sediment can no longer be carried or moved so is deposited
- this is why beaches are found in bays
- waves lose energy in sheltered bays or where water is protected by spits and bars
- sediment can no longer be carried or moved so is deposited
- this is why beaches are found in bays
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wave refraction
where the energy of the waves is reduced
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where are mudflats and salt-marshes found
often found in sheltered estuaries behind spits where there is very little flow of water
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what is a landform
a feature of the landscape that has been formed or sculpted by processes of:
- erosion
- transportation
- deposition
- erosion
- transportation
- deposition
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what factors influence coastal landforms
- some rocks are tougher and more resistant than others
-rocks more resistant to erosion form impressive cliffs and headlands
- softer rocks are more easily eroded to form bays or low lying stretches of coastline
-rocks more resistant to erosion form impressive cliffs and headlands
- softer rocks are more easily eroded to form bays or low lying stretches of coastline
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example of more resistant rocks
- granite
- limestone
- chalk
- limestone
- chalk
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example of softer rocks
- sand
- clays
- clays
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geological structure
- includes the way that layers of rocks are folded or tilted
- this is an important factor in the shape of cliffs
- this is an important factor in the shape of cliffs
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faults
cracks in rocks, lines of weakness in a headland
make headlands very vulnerable to erosion
make headlands very vulnerable to erosion
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bays
- weaker bands of rock such as clay erode more easily to form bays
- as bays are sheltered deposition takes place and a sandy beach forms
- as bays are sheltered deposition takes place and a sandy beach forms
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headlands
- tougher more resistant bands of rock erode much more slowly
- they stick out into the sea to form headlands
- erosion dominates in these high energy environment so there are no beaches
- they stick out into the sea to form headlands
- erosion dominates in these high energy environment so there are no beaches
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cliffs erosion
waves break against a cliff eroding close to the high tide line, wear away the cliff forming a wave-cut notch
over time the notch will get deeper and deeper, undercutting the cliff
eventually the overlying cliff can't support its weight and collapses
over time the notch will get deeper and deeper, undercutting the cliff
eventually the overlying cliff can't support its weight and collapses
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wave cut platform formation
through a continual sequence of wave cut notch formation and cliff collapse the cliff will gradually retreat
in its place will be a wave cut platform
in its place will be a wave cut platform
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wave cut platform
a wave cut platform is typically quite smooth due to the process of abrasion
however in some places it may be scarred with rock pools
however in some places it may be scarred with rock pools
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fault to arch
1. a joint or fault form in resistant rock in the headland
2. abrasion and hydraulic action widen fault to form a cave
3. waves make the cave larger until it cuts through the headland to make an arch
2. abrasion and hydraulic action widen fault to form a cave
3. waves make the cave larger until it cuts through the headland to make an arch
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arch to stump
1. the arch is eroded and the roof becomes to heavy and collapses
2. this leaves a tall stack
3.the stack is eroded and collapses, leaving a stump
2. this leaves a tall stack
3.the stack is eroded and collapses, leaving a stump
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beaches
-deposits of sand and shingle at the coast
-mainly found in sheltered bays, waves entering bay are constructive waves
- not all beaches are made of sand as some are in high energy environments that wash away the finer sand and leave behind larger pebbles
-mainly found in sheltered bays, waves entering bay are constructive waves
- not all beaches are made of sand as some are in high energy environments that wash away the finer sand and leave behind larger pebbles
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sand dunes
at the back of the beach sand deposited on the beach is often blown inland by onshore winds to form dunes
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development of dunes
embryo dunes to yellow dunes
embryo dunes to yellow dunes
- embryo dunes form around deposited obstacles such as pieces of wood and rocks
- develop and become stabilised by vegetation to form fore dunes and tall yellow dunes
- marram grass grows in the dunes, binds sand together and stabilises the dune
- develop and become stabilised by vegetation to form fore dunes and tall yellow dunes
- marram grass grows in the dunes, binds sand together and stabilises the dune
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marram grass
adapted to the windy exposed conditions of a beach and has long roots to find water.
these roots help bind the sand together and stabilise the dunes
these roots help bind the sand together and stabilise the dunes
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development of dunes
yellow dunes to dune slacks
yellow dunes to dune slacks
- in time rotting vegetation adds organic matter to the sand making it more fertile
- a greater range of plants colonise on these 'black' dunes
- wind can form depressions in the sand called dune slacks
- a greater range of plants colonise on these 'black' dunes
- wind can form depressions in the sand called dune slacks
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spits
a long narrow finger of sand or shingle jutting into the sea from the land
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spits formation
-form on coasts with significant longshore drift
-if the coastline changes orientation and bends sharply sediment is then deposited out to sea
- it builds up, forming an extension from land
- the spit gradually grows further out into sea
-if the coastline changes orientation and bends sharply sediment is then deposited out to sea
- it builds up, forming an extension from land
- the spit gradually grows further out into sea
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salt marshes formation
- in the sheltered water behind the spit, deposits of mud have built up
- an extensive salt marsh has formed as vegetation has started to grow in the emerging muddy islands
- an extensive salt marsh has formed as vegetation has started to grow in the emerging muddy islands
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salt marshes importance
salt marshes are extremely important wildlife habitants and over wintering grounds for migrating birds
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bars formation
- longshore drift may cause a spit to grow right across a bay trapping a freshwater lake or lagoon behind it
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off shores bar formation
an offshore bar forms further out to sea, waves approaching a gently sloping coast deposit sediment due to friction with the sea bed
- the build-up of sediment offshore causes waves to break at some distance from the coast
- the build-up of sediment offshore causes waves to break at some distance from the coast
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formation of a recurved end of a spit
strong winds or tidal currents can cause the end of the spit to become curved
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where is Swanage
its a seaside town in Dorset on the South coast of England
located in a sheltered bay and has a broad sandy beach
there is a classic stretch of coastline with many impressive landforms of coastal erosion and deposition
located in a sheltered bay and has a broad sandy beach
there is a classic stretch of coastline with many impressive landforms of coastal erosion and deposition
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discordant coastline
- this is an indented coastline, there are lots of headlands and bays
- this forms because there are alternating bands of more resistant and less resistant rocks
- this forms because there are alternating bands of more resistant and less resistant rocks
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concordant coastline
- a relatively straight section of coast
- there is only one type of rock
- example is on the south coast, it is all limestone
- there is only one type of rock
- example is on the south coast, it is all limestone
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hard engineering
using artificial structures such as sea walls to control natural processes
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soft engineering
less intrusive, more environmentally methods that work with natural processes to protect the coast
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managed retreat
increasingly popular option
enables the controlled retreat of the coastline
often involves allowing the sea to flood over low lying land
enables the controlled retreat of the coastline
often involves allowing the sea to flood over low lying land
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groynes description
hard engineering
timber or rock structures built out to sea from the coast
the trap sediment being moved by longshore drift and enlarge the beach
the wide beach acts as a buffer to reduce wave damage
timber or rock structures built out to sea from the coast
the trap sediment being moved by longshore drift and enlarge the beach
the wide beach acts as a buffer to reduce wave damage
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groynes advantages
- wider beach is popular with tourists
- provides useful structures for people interested in fishing
- no too expensive, £150,000 each
- provides useful structures for people interested in fishing
- no too expensive, £150,000 each
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disadvantages
- by interrupting longshore drift they starve. beaches further along the coast, often leading to increased rates of erosion elsewhere
- groins are unnatural and can be unattractive
- groins are unnatural and can be unattractive
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sea wall description
hard engineering
- concrete or rock barrier against the sea placed at the foot of cliffs or the top of a beach
- has a curved face to reflect waves back into the sea
- concrete or rock barrier against the sea placed at the foot of cliffs or the top of a beach
- has a curved face to reflect waves back into the sea
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sea wall advantages
- effective at stopping the sea
- often has a walkway or promenade for people to walk along
- often has a walkway or promenade for people to walk along
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sea wall disadvantages
- can look obtrusive and unnatural
- very expensive and high maintenance cost
£5000-£10,000 per metre
- very expensive and high maintenance cost
£5000-£10,000 per metre
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hard engineering disadvantages
- expensive and involve high maintenance costs
- interfere with natural coastal processes and can cause destructive Knowledge on effects elsewhere
- look unnatural
- interfere with natural coastal processes and can cause destructive Knowledge on effects elsewhere
- look unnatural
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rock armour
description
description
hard engineering
- piles of large boulders dumped at the foot of a cliff
- the rocks force waves to break absorbing their energy and protecting the cliffs
- rocks are brought to the coast by barge
- piles of large boulders dumped at the foot of a cliff
- the rocks force waves to break absorbing their energy and protecting the cliffs
- rocks are brought to the coast by barge
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rock armour advantages
- relatively cheap and easy to maintain
£200,000 per 100m
- can provide interest to the coast
- often used for fishing
£200,000 per 100m
- can provide interest to the coast
- often used for fishing
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rock armour disadvantages
- rocks are usually from other parts of the coastline or even from abroad
- can be expensive to transport
- don't fit in with the local geology
- can be very obtrusive
- can be expensive to transport
- don't fit in with the local geology
- can be very obtrusive
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igneous and metamorphic rocks
formed when there was tectonic activity
they are more resistant to physical processes and tend to form upland areas
they are more resistant to physical processes and tend to form upland areas
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sedimentary rocks
less resistant to physical processes and form lowland landscapes
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gabions
hard engineering
- wire cages filled with rocks that can be built up to support a cliff or provide a buffer against the sea
- wire cages filled with rocks that can be built up to support a cliff or provide a buffer against the sea
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gabions advantages
- cheap to produce and flexible in the final design
£50,000 per 100m
- can improve drainage of cliffs
- will eventually become vegetated and merge into the landscape
£50,000 per 100m
- can improve drainage of cliffs
- will eventually become vegetated and merge into the landscape
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gabions disadvantages
- for a while they look unattractive
- cages only last 5-10 years before they rust
- cages only last 5-10 years before they rust
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soft engineering advantages
- tend to be cheaper
- more sustainable
- more natural and attractive to look at
- more sustainable
- more natural and attractive to look at
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soft engineering disadvantages
- may require more maintenance
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Beach nourishment description
soft engineering
- the addition of sand or shingle to an existing beach to make it higher or wider
- sediment is usually obtained offshore local so that it blends in with the existing beach
- the addition of sand or shingle to an existing beach to make it higher or wider
- sediment is usually obtained offshore local so that it blends in with the existing beach
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beach nourishment advantage
- relatively cheap
up to £500,000 per 100m
- blends in with existing beach
- bigger beach increases tourist potential
up to £500,000 per 100m
- blends in with existing beach
- bigger beach increases tourist potential
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beach nourishment disadvantages
- needs constant maintenance unless structures are built to retain the beach
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Dune regeneration description
soft engineering
sand dunes are effective buffers to the sea but are easily damaged by trampling
marram grass can be used to stabilise dunes and help them to develop
fences can be used to keep people of newly planted areas
sand dunes are effective buffers to the sea but are easily damaged by trampling
marram grass can be used to stabilise dunes and help them to develop
fences can be used to keep people of newly planted areas
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dune regeneration advantages
- maintains a natural coastal environment that is popular with people and wildlife
- cheap
£200-£2000 per 100m
- cheap
£200-£2000 per 100m
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dune regeneration disadvantages
- time consuming to plant the marram grass
- people don't always respond well by being prohibited from accessing areas
- can be damaged by storms
- people don't always respond well by being prohibited from accessing areas
- can be damaged by storms
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dune fencing description
soft engineering
fences are constructed on a sandy beach along the seaward face of existing dunes to encourage new dune formation
these new dunes help to protect existing ones
fences are constructed on a sandy beach along the seaward face of existing dunes to encourage new dune formation
these new dunes help to protect existing ones
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dune fencing advantages
- minimal impact on natural systems
- control public access to protect other ecosystems
- relatively cheap
£ 400- £2000 per 100m
- control public access to protect other ecosystems
- relatively cheap
£ 400- £2000 per 100m
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dune fencing disadvantages
- can be unsightly especially if fences become broken
- regular maintenance needed especially after storms
- regular maintenance needed especially after storms
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managed retreat
soft engineering
a deliberate policy of allowing the sea to flood or erode an area of relatively low-value land
in the long term it is a more sustainable option then spending lots of money on hard engineering
its becoming increasingly popular
a deliberate policy of allowing the sea to flood or erode an area of relatively low-value land
in the long term it is a more sustainable option then spending lots of money on hard engineering
its becoming increasingly popular
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why is coastal management needed in Swanage
- one of the few developed areas of coastline & is considered economically viable to carry out coastal defence works to protect the town
-needs defence from flooding, erosion &
landslips still occur around Swanage
-needs defence from flooding, erosion &
landslips still occur around Swanage
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Swanage coastal management
- has 1.8m of coastal defence work, mainly sea walls and groynes
- sea walls and groynes were placed in the 19th century and were increased in 1920s, though effective it started the beach further up & the scheme was extended in 1960s
- 1990 a review and
- sea walls and groynes were placed in the 19th century and were increased in 1920s, though effective it started the beach further up & the scheme was extended in 1960s
- 1990 a review and
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aim of coastal management in Swanage
- to determine the most suitable method of retaining sediment, dissipating wave energy and reducing the risk of flooding and slippage whilst maintaining the beach
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decision for coastal management at Swanage
the most cost effective method was to replace the 1930s groynes and replenishment off the beach sediment
- 18 timber groynes were placed in 2005 & 90000m of sand was deposited on the beach
-beach recharge was completed in 2006 costing £2.2 mill
- 18 timber groynes were placed in 2005 & 90000m of sand was deposited on the beach
-beach recharge was completed in 2006 costing £2.2 mill
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positive outcomes of Swanage beach recharge
- wooden groynes have proven successful in reducing sediment lost through longshore drift
- visitor numbers to swan age beach are strong
- businesses and homes on the cliff tops are protected
- visitor numbers to swan age beach are strong
- businesses and homes on the cliff tops are protected
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negative outcomes of Swanage beach recharge
- the beach will need to be recharged every 20 years which is expensive
- increasing visitors causes litter and traffic
- hard engineering methods are an eyesore and interrupt the natural landscape
- engineering methods can't be applied to all the cliffs
- increasing visitors causes litter and traffic
- hard engineering methods are an eyesore and interrupt the natural landscape
- engineering methods can't be applied to all the cliffs
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The UK's landscapes
Back
a wide variety of rock types are responsible for creating varying landscapes
Card 3
Front
UK's river systems
Back
Card 4
Front
How do waves form
Back
Card 5
Front
What is the fetch
Back
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