Geography
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- Created by: rebecca.freeman
- Created on: 15-03-20 13:04
What are the Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks?
1) Usually have layers 2) Variety of Colours 3) Often contain Fossils
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What are the Characteristics of Igneous Rocks?
1) Formed from Magma 2) Do not contain Fossils
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What are the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks?
Often has Crystal Layers 2) May have Fossils
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Give an example of Sedimentary Rocks
Chalk & Sandstone
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Give an example of Igneous Rocks
Basalt & Granite
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Give an example of Metamorphic Rocks
Schist & Slate
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Where are Sedimentary Rocks found in the UK?
Lowland Areas of England
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Where are Igneous Rocks found in the UK?
mainly in upland areas in Scotland, in the Lake District in North West England and Snowdonia in North Wales and Northern Ireland
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Where are Metamorphic Rocks found in the UK?
Scotland
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Explain one way in which Human Activities have created distinctive landscapes?
Agriculture - Pastoral Farming has led to sheep being in upland areas. This Means that the upland landscapes have been deforested and grazed landscaped resulting in no plants or trees.
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Explain a second way in which Human Activities have created distinctive landscapes?
Forestry - The planting of conifer trees result in different types of soil. The pine needles break down into acidic humus which could affect animals causing them to migrate. This means that the bio diversity will be lower
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Explain a third way in which Human Activities have created distinctive landscapes?
Settlements - Railways and roads are constantly being built. This means that they are created through animals habitats. This results in animals habitats being destroyed so they have to migrate and have to adapt to their new surroundings
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Explain how Sedimentary Rocks have led to the development of lowland landscapes
Sedimentary Rocks have led to the development of lowland landscapes e.g South Downs. They have helped form them because Sedimentary Rocks are less resistant to processes of change, meaning it is easier for river processes such as erosion to occur.
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Name the 3 types of Weathering
1) Chemical 2) Biological 3) Mechanical
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Name the 4 types of Erosion
1) Hydraulic Action 2) Abrasion 3) Solution 4) Attrition
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Name the 4 types of Transportation
1) Solution 2) Traction 3) Saltation 4) Suspension
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Name the 3 types of Mass Movement
1) Sliding 2) Slumping 3) Rock Fall
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What is Deposition?
Deposition occurs when there is not enough energy to carry eroded material any further.
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What is Longshore Drift?
The transportation of sand and pebbles along the coast by waves
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How are waves created?
Generated by winds blowing over seas. Friction with the surface of the water causes ripples which grow into waves.
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Why do waves differ in size?
Wind Strength - strong the wind, greater friction, bigger wave. Wind duration - length of time the wind has been blowing. Fetch - longer the fetch, greater the wave
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How can waves chnage the landscape?
Erosion, Transportaion & Deposition
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What are the characteristics of Detructive Waves?
Formed by strong winds. Blown over a long fetch. Tall & Steep. Powerful and lead to coastal erosion. Weak Swash & Strong backwash - erodes the beach
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What are the characteristics of Constructive Waves?
Associated with light winds. Less energy and encourage deposition. Low and widely spaced. Strong Swash & Weak Backwash - beaches are constructed.
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What are Discordant Coastlines?
A coast where bands of hard and soft rock lie perpendicular to the coastlines.
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What Landforms are created at Discordant Coastlines>
Bays & Headlands
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What are Concordant Coastlines?
A coast where bands of hard and soft rock run parallel to the coastline.
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What Landforms are created at Concordant Coastlines?
Coves & Caves
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Explain the process of Longshore Drift
Waves approach the coast at an angle because of the direction of prevailing wind. The swash will carry the material towards the beach at an angle. The backwash then flows back to the sea, down the slope of the beach.
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What are Beaches?
Beaches are areas of deposited sediments. They form in low energy environments, usually chracterised by Constructive Waves.
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How is a Spit formed?
A Spit is formed when lots of deposited material layer on top of eachother in calm, shallow water. The material comes from Longshore Drift. Spits often curve due to a change in Wind Direction.
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What is a Spit?
A spit is an extended stretch of sand or shingle jutting out into the sea from the land. Spits occur when there is a change in the shape of the landscape or there is a river mouth.
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What is a Bar?
When a Spit forms across a Bay and joins two Headlands together it can be known as a Bar. The water behind the Bar is known as a Lagoon.
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Explain one way Human Activities have impacted the Coast?
Agriculture - The creation of new farming on the coasts could result in animals habitats being destroyed. This means that the bio diversity will be affected.
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Explain a second way Human Activities have impacted the Coast?
Industry - New coastal buildings and tourism attractions will be built. This means that animals habitats may be destroyed, causng a decrease in bio diversity.
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Explain a third way Human Activities have impacted the Coast?
Urbanisaton - Modern buildings will be build on the coast which could lead to impermeable surfaces. As a result this could lead to flooding which could affect the coast.
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What is Coastal Recession?
The gradual movement backwards of the coastline.
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What are the effects of Coastal Recession on people?
1) Houses could get washed away 2) Business bases destroyed 3) Transport disrupted
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What are the effects of Coastal Recession on the environment?
Farmers could lose vauluable farming land 2) Animal habitats destroyed
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What were the effects of Coastal Recession to the people of Dawlish?
-Railway line disrupted after waves crashed onto the track. - In 2014 the Sea Wall beneat the track collapsed. - Houses behind the track wee damaged, peoples possessions were lost
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What were the effects of Coastal Recession to the people of Happisburgh?
-Fastest eroding Coastline in England (90m lost every 10yrs) -25 properties washed away -Houses on Beach Road lost their value (£80,000 to £1) -Coastal Defence broken
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What are the characteristics of Hard Engineering?
1) Expensive 2) Guranteed Protection 3) More effective & long lasting
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Name examples of Hard Engineering
1) Sea Wall 2) Rip-Rap 3) Groynes
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What are the characteristics of Soft Engineering?
1) Less Expensive 2) More sustainable 3) Reduce Coastal Recession instead of prevent it 4) Require regular maintainance
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Name examples of Soft Engineering
1) Beach Nourishment 2) Manage Retreat
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What is Urbanisation?
An increase in the percentage of the population that live in Urban areas
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Why does Urbanisation happen?
1) Better services (jobs & education) 2) Reliable food supplies 3) Sustainable medical services
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Where does urbanisation occur fastest?
Urbanisation is fastest in emerging and developing countries
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Why has Urbanisation occured at different rates around the world?
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 1) Huge demand for employees in new factories (Industrail Revolution) 2) Agricultural Revolution-new machinery on farms so less workers needed
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Why has Urbanisation occured at different rates around the world?
EMERGING & DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1) Natural Increase - greater birth rates than death rates 2) Migration- people move from rural to urban areas (more available jobs & higher wages)
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What is a Mega City?
A city with a population with over 10 million people
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Why is Preston situated where it is?
1) Water Supply - 800m from River Rible 2) Fertile Soil - near river bank (low flood plains)
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How does Transport impact the situation of Preston?
Transport links connect Preston to other nearby cities, promoting trade & business opportunities
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What does Sub-Urbanisation mean?
The expansion of a town or city into the surroundings of the countryside, often joining smaller settlements
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What does Counter-Urbanisation mean?
The movement of people from towns & cities to the countryside
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What does Re-Urbanisation mean?
The movement of people back into urban areas
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Explain how the growing population has affected your chosen UK city
1) Access (public transport) - wider range of transport available 2) House Prices - Preston has grown due to Urbanisation-spreads outwards (sub-urbanisation) so the house prices increase 3) Retail - a wider range of shops & shopping centres
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What is De-Industrialisaion?
The loss of manufacturing sectors, jobs & businesses
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Explain the causes of de-industrialisation on Preston's Technological Advantages
The internet and web based technology have made it easier to communicate globally. This means that it has enabled companies to relocate their factories to other countries as instructions can now be passed instantly to any location.
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Explain the causes of de-industrialisation on Preston's De-Centralisation
The splitting up of a companies operations with various parts moving to better suited locations. This means that numerous Preston based textile firms are re-located outside the UK
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Explain the causes of de-industrialisation on Preston's Globalisation
The increase in which people, products & information can be moved around the world. In Preston, manufacturing companies such as 'Leyland Trucks' have closed due to parent companies choosing to do all of the manufacturing process somewhere else
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Explain the causes of de-industrialisation on Preston's Develeopment in Transport
The amount of cars owned has increased therefore bigger and more roads and car parks are needed. In Preston more roads such as the M6 and A59 have resulted in many industrial buildings being closed down to make room for the roads and parking spaces
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What are the Benefits of De-Industrialisation?
1) Lower levels of pollution 2) Land can be used for new housing 3) Sites can be developed for recreation 4) Land can be returned to agri-cultural use
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What are the Costs of De-Industrialisation?
1) Fall in employees in local stores/businesses 2) Undeveloped sites may become an eyesore 3) Re-development can be expensive as toxic substances may remain 4) Dangerous buildings/equipment may be left
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are the Characteristics of Igneous Rocks?
Back
1) Formed from Magma 2) Do not contain Fossils
Card 3
Front
What are the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks?
Back
Card 4
Front
Give an example of Sedimentary Rocks
Back
Card 5
Front
Give an example of Igneous Rocks
Back
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