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2. How does hypermethylation cause tumours?

  • The tumour suppressor cells produce too much of the protein for cell division causing uncontrollable growth of tumours
  • The proto-oncogenes do not produce enough of the protein which slows down cell division meaning cell division becomes rapid and uncontrollable.
  • Transcription cannot happen when tumour suppressor genes are hypermethylated which means proteins for slowing down cell division aren't made. This causes uncontrollable cell division and tumours develop
  • The proto-oncogenes act as oncogenes meaning the proteins for cell division are over-produce. This causes uncontrollable cell division

3. What is a substitution mutation?

  • Where one or more bases are removed
  • Where one or more bases are swapped for another
  • Where a sequence of bases are reversed
  • Where one or more bases are repeated

4. How does oestrogen cause breast cancer?

  • Oestrogen causes cell division
  • Oestrogen stimulates meiosis
  • Oestrogen stimulates cell division
  • Oestrogen suppresses cell division

5. What is a mutation?

  • A change to the nucleotide sequence of DNA
  • A change to the nucleotide sequence of DNA
  • A mistake in the sequence of bases
  • A change in the tertiary structure of a protein

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