Topic 8 Exchange and Transport in Animals - Definitions (Higher) - PMT Extended

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Aerobic Respiration
Respiration in the presence of oxygen that releases energy from the breakdown of glucose.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
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Alveoli
Tiny airs sacs in the lungs that serve as the gaseous exchange surface. They are adapted for exchange by having a large surface area, good blood supply, thin walls and a moist lining.
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Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that takes place without oxygen and forms energy from the breakdown of glucose. In animals, lactic acid is produced. In plants, ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced. Less energy is formed than in aerobic respiration.
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Aorta
The artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.
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Artery
A type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the tissues, under high pressure. The walls of the arteries contain thick layers of smooth muscle and elastic fibres.
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Bicuspid Valves
The valves found between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
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Blood-
A tissue containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
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Capillaries
Thin, narrow blood vessels that connect the arteries and veins. They are the site of exchange of substances between the blood and tissues.
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Cardiac Output
The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute.
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Cellular Respiration
An exothermic reaction that releases energy from the breakdown of organic compounds such as glucose. There are two types: anaerobic and aerobic.
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Circulatory System
The transport system in animals.
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Concentration Gradient
The difference in concentration between two areas. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.
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Diffusion
The net spreading out of particles from a high concentration to a lower concentraion.
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Diffusion Distance
The distance that substances must diffuse. The smaller the distance, the faster the rate of diffusion.
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Double Circulatory System
A circulatory system found in mammals in which the blood flows through the heart twice in two circuits. Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs before returning to the heart. It is then pumped around the body, after which it returns to the heart again
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Erythrocyte
A type of blood cell that is anucleate and biconcave. It contains haemoglobin which enables the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.
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Exchange Surface
A surface over which materials are exchanged.
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Fick's Law
It states that the rate of diffusion is proportional to the surface area and difference in concentration, but is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane.
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Heart Rate
The number of times the heart contracts in one minute.
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Lactic Acid
The product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells. Lactic acid build-up inhibits anaerobic respiration and results in cramp and fatigue.
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Lymphocyte
A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and antitoxins.
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Multicellular Organism
An organism that consists of more than one cell. It has a small surface area to volume ratio, so diffusion is insufficient to provide all cells with the required oxygen and nutrients, and to remove all waster products. Multicellular organisms require an e
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Phagocyte
A type of white blood cell that engulfs pathogens and digests them in a process known as phagocytosis.
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Plasma
The main component of the blood that carries red blood cells. It is a yellow liquid that contains proteins, nutrients, mineral ions, hormones, antibodies, antitoxins, dissolved gases and waste.
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Platelets
Small fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting.
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Pulmonary Arteries
The arteries that carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs.
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Pulmonary Veins
The veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
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Respirometer
A device used to measure respiration rate in living organisms.
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Semilunar Valves
A pair of valves found between the ventricles and arteries. They prevent the backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.
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Single-Celled Organism
An organism that consists of a single cell. It has a large surface area to volume ratio so can rely on simple diffusion alone for the exchange of substances.
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Stroke Volume
The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one contraction.
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Surface Area to Volume Ratio
The surface area of an object divided by its volume. The larger the surface area to volume ratio, the smaller the object.
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Tricuspid Valves
The valves found between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
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Urea
A waste produced from the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver. It diffuses from cells into the blood plasma and is removed by the kidneys.
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Valves
Structures in the heart that prevent backflow of blood.
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Vein
A type of blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart under low pressure. It has a wide lumen, a smooth inner lining and valves. The walls of the veins contain some smooth muscle and little elastic fibre.
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Vena Cava
The vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body.
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White Blood Cells
Cells of the immune system that protect the body from invading pathogens. There are two types: phagocytes and lymphocytes.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Alveoli

Back

Tiny airs sacs in the lungs that serve as the gaseous exchange surface. They are adapted for exchange by having a large surface area, good blood supply, thin walls and a moist lining.

Card 3

Front

Anaerobic Respiration

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Aorta

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Artery

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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