Biology-(GCSE) Winter term (Yr.10)

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what are the five features of an animal cell ?
cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm
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what are the 8 features of a plant cell ?
cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts
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what are the features of a prokayotic cell ?
its a lot smaller, has no nucleus, there are only circular rings of DNA,surrounded by a cell wall, genetic material is not in the nucleus
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what are the features of a eukaryotic cell ?
membrane bound nucleus, lot larger, cells have a true nucleus, genetic material is enclosed in the nucleus
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what do you have to do to get from mm to micro metres ? mirco metres to mm ?
divide by 1000, multiply by 1000
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how do you prepare a slide for a microscope ?
add a drop of water to the middle of a slide, put specimen in the middle of the slide in the water, add a drop of iodine solution to stain the cell, place a cover slip on the top, to do this stand cover slip upright on the slide next to the water
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how do you observe a specimen ?
clip the slide onto the stage, select the lowest powered lens, use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up to just below the objective lens, look down the eyepiece and use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage downwards...
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what is the purpose of a light microscope ?
for cells to be seen, see basic cell structure
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what is different about the electron microscope compared to a light microscope ?
it has a lot higher magnification, you can understand more of the cell because of the higher detail, it has a higher resolution
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how do you work out the magnification of a cell on a microscope ?
image size divided by real size
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how do you work out the image size of a cell on a microscope ?
real size times magnification
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what is inside the nucleus ?
genetic information
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what is the genetic information inside the nucleus ?
long lengths of DNA
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what is DNA in terms of in the nucleus ?
thread like bundles inside chromosomes
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what is a gamete ?
human sex cell, egg/sperm
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how many chromosomes do you have ?
46, 23 from your dad and 23 from your mum (23 pairs)
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what is the only pair of chromosome that are not matching ? what does it mean when they do match ?
the x and y chromosomes, you get the x from the egg cell and the sperm is either x or y (two x's make a girl)
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what is a gene ?
a section of a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic
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what is a characteristic ? what is DNA ?
a feature which is passed down to you eg. eye colour/ DNA - our genetic code
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what is a zygote ?
a fertilised egg cell when it starts to divide
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what are the three stages to cell division ?
stage 1- replication of the DNA to form copies of each chromosome, Stage 2- mitosis (nucleus division), Stage 3- whole cell divides
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what is mitosis ?
when one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides
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how long does the cell cycle take ?
it can take anything from 24 hours to several years depending on what type of cell it is
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does the time the cell cycle takes depend on what stage the organisms life is at ?
yes, the younger you are, normally, the quicker the cell cycle will take
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what is the function and adaptation of muscle cells ?
func.to produce force and motion in the body adap. they are long, they contain protein fibres and they contact
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what is the adaptation of the xylem cell ?
its made of dead cells which allow water to pass through
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what is cell differentiation ?
the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type
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what does differentiation have to do with genes ?
some genes are switched off and some are switched on in order to make a cell specialised
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what are stem cells ?
cells that are undifferentiated and can be adapted into any type of cell
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what are embryotic stem cells ?
special stem cells which come from zygotes which are just a few days old
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what is so good about embryonic stem cells ?
they can be turned into any cell to help cure someone or for any other reasons
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where are adult stem cells found ?
in bone marrow
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give examples of diseases stem cells can help to cure.
Parkinsons disease, repair bones and cartilage, replace heart valves
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What are the ethical views on embryonic stem cells ?
That its wrong to use a human life to get stem cells even if it is just a few days old ! It's murder
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Where do the stem cells come from that allow you to clone a plant ?
The plant meristems
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Why is it good for humans that we can clone plants ?
So we can save rare plants from extinction and it also allows you to clone plants to sell
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Why is cloning good for scientists ?
So you can do research more efficiently
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What is agriculture ?
Farming
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explain Pluripotent
The ability to become any type of cell
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what is the process of binary fussion ? summary
when prokaryotic cells (cells without a true nucleus) divide
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how does binary fussion happen ?
the strands of DNA and plasmids replicate, the cell gets bigger and the DNA strands move to opposite sides of the cell, the cytoplasm starts to divide and new cell walls form, the cytoplasm divides and two new daughter cells are formed
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what does it mean if you culture an organism ?
you grow an organism such as bacteria
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where do you grow bacteria, in what conditions ?
in agar jelly at 37 degrees and it would then multiply every 20 minutes
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why do we culture organisms ?
to test new drugs and antibiotics, to do more research into certain things, to produce food
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how do you prepare an uncontaminated culture (agar jelly) ?
sterilise the Petri dish and culture medium by heating them at a high temperature, transfer the bacteria by using an inoculating loop which has been sterilised and tape lid of petri dish to petri dish and leave upside down in a place of ideally 37'
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how do you calculate the inhibition zone and size of colonies ?
by working it out like a circle, area= pie*radius squared
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what is diffusion ?
the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
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why is diffusion useful ?
because cells use it as a way of getting important particles in and out of them, and it doesn't use energy
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what is the function of the cell membrane ?
it controls what goes in and out of the cell, it does this as the cell membrane is partially permeable
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what does the rate of diffusion depend on ?
the distance the particles have to travel, the amount of particles, the temperature, the size of the surface area
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what is the concentration gradient ?
concentration gradient is the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles. The areas are typically separated by
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what is an example of active transport in humans ?
when glucose is absorbed in the small intestine to go into the blood stream
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what is an example of active transport in plants ?
when minerals have to be absorbed from the soil to the cells in the plant
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what is osmosis ?
Osmosis is the movement of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
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what can we think of osmosis like ?
diffusion for water
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if the concentration of the solutes outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration what is it called ?
isotonic
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what does it mean when a substance is hypertonic ?
the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is higher than the internal concentration
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what does it mean if a substance is hypotonic ?
that the concentration of the solute in the solution outside the cell is lower than the internal concentration
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what is the difference between active transport and passive transport ?
active transport requires energy and passive transport doesn't
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what is the relation to the concentration gradient and active transport ?
active transport goes against the concentration gradient
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what is the relation to the concentration gradient and passive transport ?
passive transport follows the concentration gradient
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what are the similarities between diffusion and osmosis ?
they are both passive transport and they both move particles from a low concentration to a high concentration
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what is the similarity between active transport, diffusion and osmosis ?
they all involve the movements of particles and occur in nature
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what is the similarity between osmosis and active transport ?
they both need semi permeable membranes
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what is the similarity with diffusion and active transport ?
involves the transport of solutes
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what is difusions role in a plant ?
its how the oxygen produced in respiration leaves the leaf
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what is active transport ?
a process which requires energy to move particles from a low concentration to a low concentraction
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what is an exchange surface ?
structures which have to allow enough of the necessary substances to pass through
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what is an example of an exchange surface in humans ?
villi in the small intestine absorbing the minerals into blood, alveoli in the lungs to diffuse oxygen and carbon dioxide
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which factors make a good exchange surface ?
they have a thin membrane, large surface areas, lots of blood vessels, good ventillation
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why do exchange surfaces need a thin membrane ?
so that substances only have a short distance to diffuse
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why do exchange surfaces have lots of blood vessels ?
to move stuff quickly
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why are exchange surfaces ventilated ?
so that more air can travel in and out
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what is the ratio to do with exchange surfaces ?
surface area : volume it determines how easily it is for exchanges to happen, the bigger the surface area to the volume the better
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what are some examples of exchange surfaces in life ?
gas exchange in leaves, gas exchange in fish gills, gas exchange in lungs, absorbing digested foods in villi
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what is gas exchange in leaves ?
carbon dixiode diffuses into the air spaces within the leaf, the underneath of the leaf is the exchange surface
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what is gas exchange in fishes gut ?
water containing oxygen enters the fishes mouth and passes through the gills
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what give fishes gills their large surface area ?
made with thin plates called filaments also they are covered with lamallae to make the surface area even bigger
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what makes fishes gills so good at gas exchange ?
the lamellae have lots of blood vessels and they have a thin layer of cells to minimise the distance the cells have to travel
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what is the definition of a cell ? and give an example in animals and plants
the smallest unit of an organism, palisade cell and muscle cell
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what is the definition of a tissue ? and give an example in animals and plants
a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function, muscular tissue and palisade mesophyll tissue
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what is the definition of an organ? and give an example in animals and plants
different tissue types that work together to perform a particular function, leaves and stomach
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what is the definition of an organ system ? and give an example in animals and plants
a group of organs working together to form a particular function, photosynthetic system and digestive system
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what is the definition of an organism ? and give an example in animals and plants
an individual plant, animal or single celled organism, daffodil and human
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what are the three types of tissue in the stomach ?
glandular, muscle, epithetical
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what does glandular tissue do ?
it produces and releases the enzymes and acid, and other substances
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what does muscle tissue do ?
its used for movement and contaction
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what does epithetial tissue do ?
it lines/covers various parts of the body
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what are the 11 body systems ?
circulatory, digestive, excretory, integumentary, endocrine, immune, muscular, nervous, reproduce, skeletal, respitory
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what does the circulatory system do ?
carries oxygen around the body and nutrients, gets rid of Co2 from the body, heart pumps it all
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what does the digestive system do ?
breaks down foods in acids which starts in the mouth, the small intestine absorbs food
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what does the excretory system do ?
where you get rid of urine, the bladder and kidneys/ not poo
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what does the integumentary system do ?
protects your organs by using your skin, its basically just your skin
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what does the endocrine system do ?
where hormones are produced and released
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what does the immune system do ?
protects your body from infections and fights them off, lymph surrounds cells and cleans the cell, white blood cells
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what does the muscular system do ?
works with the skeletal system to make movement
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what does the nervous system do ?
sends electrical signals to and from the brain using neurons, involves your brain and spinal cord
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what does the reproductive system do ?
it allows animals to reproduce
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what does the skeletal system do ?
supports and moves the body, works with the muscular system
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what does the respitory system do ?
the intake of oxygen and the output of carbon dioxide, involves the lungs
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what is in the diagram of a pair of lungs ?
trachea, broncus (singular is bronchi), bronchioles, alveoli
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what does the trachea do ?
carries air into and out of the body, has rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing
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what does the bronchus do ?
just follows on from the trachea,
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what does the bronchioles do ?
they are just split from the bronchi and they split into millions of them
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what does the alveoli do ?
they are tiny air sacs from the bronchioles and they let oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from the body
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how are the alveoli adapted to do their job better ?
they have thin walls which makes diffusion easy, ball shape for a large surface area, good blood supply so they get lots of oxygen, moist to help gasses exchange quickly
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what do arteries and veins do ?
artery- carries blood away from the heart, vein- carries blood into the heart
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what is the function of valves in the heart ?
they prevent the back flow of blood from where the blood has just come from
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what is the heart covered in to give it good blood supply ?
capillaries
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explain the movement of blood from entering the heart and leaving the heart
blood flows into the atrium from vena cava or pulmonary vein, the atria contracts, blood is pushed into the ventricles, valves shut, the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery, the valves shut to prevent back flow
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name the parts of the heart
four tubes at top from left to right- vena cava, pulmonary artery, aorta, pulmonary vein; right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
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what is meant by the heart being a double pump ?
it means that there are two different circuits which the heart pumps the blood around, 1st- pumps blood to the lungs and then returns to heart; 2nd- pumped to respiring muscles and back to the heart
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why does the left side of the heart have more muscle ? (is bigger)
because the left side has to pump the blood all the way around the body which is further than the right side as that side just has to pump blood to the lungs
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what are the characteristics of arteries ?
the walls are rather thick compared to the size of the lumen, they carry oxygenated blood, it has a small lumen, no valves
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what are the characteristics of capillaries ?
they have a very small lumen, very thin wall; only one cell thick, carries both types of blood, no valves as its too small
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what are the characteristics of veins ?
large lumen, not very thick walls compared to arteries, have valves to stop back flow, carries de oxygenated blood
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how do you work out the rate of blood flow ?
volume of blood divided by the number of minutes
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why does an artery have thick walls ?
to be able to push blood though them quicker, its just a thick band of muscle
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what are the special features of a red blood cell ?
it has no nucleus, large surface area, its small to be able to pass through the capillaries, contain haemoglotin
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what is haemoglobin in a red blood cell ?
a substance which is found in red blood cells that reacts with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin, its how the red blood cell transports its oxygen to muscles
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what acc is haemoglobin ?
its a protein, the oxygen in the lungs binds with haemoglobin, in the tissues haemoglobin releases oxygen as its a reversible reaction
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what is the equation containing oxygen and haemoglobin ?
oxygen+haemoglobin = oxyhaemoglobin (its a reversible reaction)
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what is the blood made up of ?
plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells
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what are the special functions of white blood cells ?
they ingest pathogens to destroy and remove them, they produce anti bodies to destroy pathogens, produce antioxins that naturalise the toxins released by pathogens
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what does the plasma in blood do ? .... urea ?
carries both red and white blood cell and platelets and many other dissolved substances. urea is in the liver and carried by the plasma to the plasma to your kidneys and removed from the blood as urine
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what are the platelets in your blood for ?
they are small fragments of cells that have no nucleus which for blood clots that stop bacteria getting into the blood stream by creating a scab
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how do platelets for a scab ?
by collecting red blood cells by using their protein threads which they produce to attract the red blood cells, this then forms blood clots to for a scab
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what does cardio vascular disease mean ?
a term used to describe disease of the heart or blood vessels, for example coronary heart disease
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what is a stent ? advantages; disadvantages ?
a wire mesh tube that is inserted into an artery to widen them up and keep them open>> adv; lasts for a long time, lowers risk of heart attack; disadv; risk of infection/ surgery going wrong
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what is a statin ? advantages; disadvantages ?
a tablet used to reduce the amount of cholesterol>> adv; reduce risk of stroke, heart disease and attack; disadv; risk of forgetting to take them, tablets may have bad side affects
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what are replacement heart valves ?
when you replace a valve inside the heart>> adv; its a less traumatic surgery than a heart transplant; disadv; its still a major surgery which runs the risk of blood clots
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what are the two types of respiration ?
aerobic and anaerobic
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what does aerobic respiration use that anaerobic doesn't ?
oxygen
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what is the equation for aerobic respiration ?
glucose+oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
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what is the equation for anaerobic respiration ?
glucose = lactic acid
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what type of reaction is aerobic respiration ?
an exothermic reaction as it transfers energy into the surroundings
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what are the differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration ?
aerobic respiration is efficeint whereas anaerobic isn't, less energy is produced with anaerobic respiration and aerobic is with oxygen and anaerobic isn't
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what is the word and symbol for photosynthesis ?
carbon dioxide+water=glucose+oxygen; co2+h2o=c6h12o6+o2
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what is the upperside of a leaf for ? why are the upper epidemis transparent ?
for protection and the wax cuticle stops water loss; to let as much sunlight through
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what does the middle of the leaf do ?
it contains the chloroplasts and the spongy mesophyll soaks up the water and nutrients to carry to other cells
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what does the underneath of the leaf do ?
has holes called the stomata which allows gasses to diffuse in and out and the stomata closes to stop water escaping when photosynthesis is not occuring
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what does the guard cell do in a plant ?
it stops bacteria getting into the cells
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where does photosynthesis occur ? what absorbs the nutrients and water ?
in the palisade layer, the spongy mesophyll
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what are the four types of tissue in a plant ?
epidermal tissue, palisade tissue, spongy mesophyll tissue and meristem tissue
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what do the plant tissues all do ?
E.T- covers the whole plant, P.M.T- where most photosynthesis happens, S.M.T-allows gasses to diffuse in and out of the cells, M.T-where tips of roots are grown and replaced
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what does phloem and xylem carry ? which way do they travel ?
xylem: transports water and minerals to the stem from the roots, it transports in one direction ,,, phloem: transport sugars from the leaves down the stem to grow and store tissues, its transports in both directions
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what does transpiration mean ? how does water travel around the leaf ?
it is the loss of water from plants by evaporation; by the process of osmosis
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describe the four stages on how the phloem and xylem work in plants
s1-water diffuses from the soil into the roots, s2-water diffuses up the stem in the xylem, s3-water travels into the veins of the leaves then from vein diffuses into the cells, from these spots water evaporates out of the stomata, s4-the loss of ...
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what things affect the rate of transpiration ?
the light intensity, the brighter the faster; the temperature, the warmer the faster; the humidity, the drier the air the faster
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how to you calculate transpiration ?
distance moved by bubble divided by the time taken for the bubble to move
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14.12.17
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what are the 8 features of a plant cell ?

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cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts

Card 3

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what are the features of a prokayotic cell ?

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Card 4

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what are the features of a eukaryotic cell ?

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Card 5

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what do you have to do to get from mm to micro metres ? mirco metres to mm ?

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