Topic 2: Radicalisation of Resistance and the Consolidation of National Party Power 1960-1968

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  • Created by: Finndoood
  • Created on: 14-02-18 10:01
What was the punishment for not carrying a pass at all times?
£5-£8 (or two weeks wages) or imprisonment for 5-8 weeks
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How many cases were there a day relating to pass laws?
around 1,000
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Where were the PAC particularly popular?
Vaal Triangle - centre of South Africa's coal, iron & steel production
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What were the reasons behind the Sharpeville protest?
Group Areas Act increased migration, competition for housing & jobs as well as a pit collapse at a local colliery
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How many were killed in the Sharpeville Massacre?
around 69 and 187 seriously injured
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Name some reprocussions of the 1960 Sharpeville Massacre
international recognition from media coverage, UNSC demanded reversal of Apartheid laws, Durban launched its own demonstration
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What countries declared Apartheid to be a violation of the UN charter?
Britain and the USA
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How did the government immediately react to the incident?
Enforced a state of emergency
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What act banned all dissenting parties?
Unlawful Organisations Act (1960)
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What also happened in 1960 that provoked such an extreme response from the National Party?
The Mpondoland Rebellion against the Bantu Authorities Act (1951)
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Where did the Mpondoland Rebellion take place?
Eastern Cape Region
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What organisation did Verwoerd want to gain the support of?
The Broederbond
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Why?
The leader, Meyer, had become an influential leader of the SABC, their support could help curb and censor global news
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What was unique about Verwoerd's referendum?
It was "Whites only" despite the whites being the minority approx 3 million
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What Prime Minister delivered the "Winds of Change" speech?
Harold Macmillan
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When was the speech made?
1960
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What was the over-arching point of Macmillan's speech?
That African nationalism was natural and that political consciousness had to be accepted as a fact
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Did Harold Macmillan make contact with the ANC?
No
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What percentage of the national population supported the referendum?
52%
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When did South Africa become a republic?
1961
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Why did South Africa withdraw their application to remain in the Commonwealth in 1961?
Verwoerd refused to allow embassies for newly independant African states in Pretoria
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Why was South Africa important to Western powers?
Uranium supplies, gold & threat of communism in Africa
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What year did the UN place voluntary trade sanctions on South Africa?
1962
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What did the UN advocate in 1963?
A voluntary firearms embargo
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What British Prime Minister agreed to the UN sanctions in 1964?
Labour PM Harold Wilson
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What political party was the first to adopt "armed struggle"?
The South African Communist Party
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What year did the ANC adopt armed struggle?
1961
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What armed organisation emerged that both Mandela (ANC) and Slovo (CP) were a part of?
Umkhonto We Sizwe (Spear of the Nation)
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What communist countries helped to train Spear of the Nation)
China, USSR, East Germany
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When was the first MK attack?
Dingaans Day, 1961
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What was interesting about the attack?
It coincided with the same day that Luthuli returned to South Africa from accepting his Nobel Peace prize
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What was different about the PAC's armed wing, "Poqo"
They did not subscribe to the concept of "selective sabotage"
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What was the motto of Poqo?
"The Whites will suffer"
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What methods were Poqo particularly infamous for using?
"Necklacing" & hiding bombs in buses
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How many Poqo members were executed in the 1960s?
62
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What was the name of the trial in which Mandela was arrested?
The Rivonnia Trial
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What was Mandela and his associates charged with?
recruiting fighters, sabotage, links with communist nations
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What was the punishment given to those accused?
Life imprisonment on Robben Island
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What ANC member went into exile as a result of the Rivonnia Trial?
Oliver Tambo
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Where did Tambo visit?
The UN, UK & USSR
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Which movement sparked a renewed global interest in the Apartheid?
The British Anti-Apartheid Movement (1960)
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What was the rate of yearly economic growth in South Africa after WW2?
4.6 %
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By the 1970s, how many Africans worked "white-collar" jobs?
around 420,000
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What did manufacturers begin to target during the 1960s?
The African market
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How did industrial workers benefit during the 1960s?
50% wage increase
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How much did Per Capita income increase for natives during the 1960s?
23%
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What magazine launched in 1951 which specifically catered to the African market?
Drum Magazine
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How many passbook arrests were there in 1968 alone?
700,000
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How many African girls passed their matric (basic) exams?
342/3000
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True of False: Whites earned around 12x more than Native workers?
True
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What was the first self-governing homeland?
Umtata
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What native areas followed suit?
KwaZulu & Sekhukuneland
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What did the newly independant African states form in 1963?
The Organisation of African Unity
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Who was elected Prime Minister in 1966?
Vorster
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What businesses became more prominent in South Africa?
Coca-Cola, Volkswagen, Barclays Bank
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What country was an important trading partner with South Africa?
Japan
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How many cars were purchased in 1970?
195,000
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what act meant that suspects could be detained without trial indefinitely?
Terrorism Act (1967)
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Name one of the "12 deeds" under the Terrorism Act (1967)
Obstructing free movement, embarassing the state, prevention of law and order
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What methods were used by the police in order to garner information?
Torture, disfigurements & sustained abuse
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What year was South Africa expelled by FIFA from sending an international team?
1963
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Was there a dwindling interest in politics amongst the African community during the 1960s?
Yes
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Why?
Rivonnia Trial, Unlawful Organisations Act, betterment of economic situations
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How many cases were there a day relating to pass laws?

Back

around 1,000

Card 3

Front

Where were the PAC particularly popular?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What were the reasons behind the Sharpeville protest?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How many were killed in the Sharpeville Massacre?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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