Tissue Fluid Formation and Oedema

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What are the main fluid compartments of the body?
Intracellular (INSIDE CELLS) fluid volume (25l, 40% body weight) & Extracellular (AROUND THE CELLS) (15L, 20% body weight).

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is made up of:

Interstitial volume = 12L, 80% of ECF & Plasma volume = 3L, 20% of ECF
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What are the two components of the blood?
Formed elements (RBCs, WBCs and platelets) & plasma (90% water)
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Why does fluid move between fluid spaces and the body?
To maintain hydration of all body cells.
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What does the direction and rate of fluid transfer depend on?
Hydrostatic pressure of blood and Osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins.
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What is osmotic pressure?
OP is the pressure exerted by plasma proteins (BIG STRUCTURES, MADE IN LIVER) in the plasma inside the capillaries. Plasma Proteins stay in the blood (THEY ARE NOT ABLE TO MOVE THROUGH CAPILLARY MEMBRANE). OP helps to pull fluid INTO blood vessels/capill
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What is hydrostatic pressure?
HP is the pressure exerted by the blood against the artery wall by the force exerted by the heart pumping. It forces blood OUT of the BLOOD VESSELS into TISSUE SPACES. PRESSURE VARIES (HIGHER at ARTERIAL END and LOWER at VENOUS END). It is the same pressu
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What is Net Filtration Pressure (NFT)?
The difference in pressure at the two ends of the capillary (arterial and venous ends).
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What is oedema?
Oedema is an atypical accumulation of fluid in the INTERSTITIAL SPACES leading to palpable swelling. It does not usually become obvious until INTERSTITIAL VOLUME has increased by 2-3L. It is often GRAVITY DEPENDENT – legs and feet.
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What are the four causes of oedema?
1. Decreased capillary osmotic pressure.
2. Increased capillary permeability
3. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
4. Obstruction of lymphatic system
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What causes decreased capillary osmotic pressure?
Inadequate production or lack of PLASMA PROTEINS (caused by LIVER DISEASE/FAILURE, MALNUTRITION); Abnormal LOSS of PLASMA due to GLOMERULONEPHRITUS, POLYURIA
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What are ascites and what causes them?
The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling. Causes include heart failure, cirrhosis.
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What causes increased capillary permeability?
This occurs when capillary pores enlarge, or the capillary wall is damaged. Plasma proteins are able to leak out INCREASING tissue OSMOTIC PRESSURE (drawing fluid OUT of capillary into TISSUE SPACES). Common causes include BURNS, IMMUNE RESPONSE and INFLA
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What causes increased capillary hydrostatic pressure?
Increased arterial pressure (e.g. HYPERTENSION); CAPILLARY DISTENSION due to INCREASED VASCULAR VOLUME caused by HEART FAILURE, pregnancy, salt and water retention. INCREASED VENOUS PRESSURE e.g. LIVER DISEASE, THROMBOSIS.
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What is peripheral oedema/pitting oedema?
Oedema found in legs and feet. Finger imprint is left behind indicating fluid.
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What can cause a lymphatic obstruction?
A lymphatic obstruction stops fluid draining from TISSUE SPACES. Lymphatic obstruction is caused by INFECTION with parasitic words (get into LYMPHATIC SYSTEM and block it); INJURY; RADIATION THERAPY; CELLULITIS; SURGERY (e.g. removal of LYMPH NODES after
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Card 2

Front

What are the two components of the blood?

Back

Formed elements (RBCs, WBCs and platelets) & plasma (90% water)

Card 3

Front

Why does fluid move between fluid spaces and the body?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does the direction and rate of fluid transfer depend on?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is osmotic pressure?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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