thinking&decision making & brain dysfunction (bio25&26)

Analogical representation
&
Symbolic representation
&
Mental representation

Communicationg idea through drawing and representing form/part of an aspect
&
Symbols of an idea e.g. alphabet and writing
&
Contents of mind that stands for objects, events or state affair e.g. not a physical object such as unicorns, ghosts

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Network structures

Nodes- connecting individual symbols

Associative links- connecting between nodes

Speed activation- activity in one node network flows outwords to other nodes through associative links

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Reasoning

Deductive reasoning- derive new assertions from assertions already in place
Syllogism- conclusions following 2 premises
Confirmation bias- tnendency to take evidence that’s consistent with preexisitng beliefs
Gamblers fallacy- use past wins and losses to

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deduction and induction

draw image

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Heuristics

Heuristics- mental shortcuts allow for faster decisions
Availability- tendency to use information that comes to mind quickly and easily
Representativeness- using probability or categories

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Dual process theory

Rejecting conclusion drawn from heuristics
System 1- fast, automatic type of thinking
System 2- slower, more effortful type of thinking

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Utility theory

Each decision has costs and benefits based on personal goals (costs movies us further and benefits closer)
Must find a balance, we estimate a subject utility for each value of course of action for a given person
Uncertainty- expected utility(EU)- gives p

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Framing effect

Faming effect- decisions are influenced by the way questions are rephrased and options described
Less frame- less aversion and avoid sure losses (more risky)
Gain frame- risk aversion, avoid dealing risk when dealing with gain

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Affective forecasting

Affective forecasting- how stable our emotions are throughout decision
Ignore important less salient factors eg. support fromf friends
For utility approach to work, all factors must be considered

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Obstacles and overcoming

Automaticity- ability to do a task without paying attention to it
Mental set- specific perspectives taken in approaching the problem.
Analogy- recalling similar experiences & inspired to solve current obstacle
Restructuring- change understanding- change u

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Types of brain dysfunction

Functional:
Autism
OCD
Major depression

Structural:
Stroke
Dementia
Traumatic brain injury

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Stroke

Brain tissue dies and brain repairs itself by rmeoving dead tiddue
Longterm symptoms- hemiplegia(paralysis on one side), language impairment, executive dysfunction
Ischemic stroke- loss of blood flow via vessel blockage
Thrombotic- blood clot within blood

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Stroke brain functions

Anteiror cerebral artery(ACA)- affects pre/post central gyrus, sensory/motor loss and executive control
Middle cerebral artery(MCA) affects pre-central(motor) and loss of sensation on onde side, affects language
Posterior cerebral artery(PCA)- affects vis

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Treatments

Ischemic stroke:
Acute- clot busting drugs, early intervention reduces extent of stroke, must be done within 3-4hrs
Chronic- therapy for physical abiltiies, language
Haemorrhage- aneurysm clip

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Dementia

Persistent intellectual impairment in memory & other 2 domains
Neurodegenerative disorders
Alzheimers and frontotemepral dementia
non-degenerative
Vascular, toxins, infection
Cognitive deficits of dementia
Profound memory loss(anterograde/retrogade)
Langu

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Alzheimers

Loss in posterior/parietal areas
Pathology- dendritic arbour reduction- less connections with neurons
Reduced acetylcholine- main neurotrsansmitter of parasythetic neurosustem that contracts and reflects muscles

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Parkinsons

hypokinetic(reduced movement)- partial/complete loss of muscles movement
Have tremors
Decreased dopamine in basal ganglia which helps neurons communicate(parkinsons- less dopamine=less communication within neurons
treatment= deep brain sitmulation- regul

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Huntington’s

Hypokinetic- hyperactive, around 40yrs of age and genetic disorder
Behvaioural changes- depression and mood swings
Adnomal movements:
Chorea- involuntary movements of face,neck and limbs
Athetosis- slow, writhing movements confined to limbs
Atrophy- cereb

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Parkinsons vs Huntigtons

Parkinsons= too many negative signals in basal ganglia= can’t start movements= lack of dopamine
huntingtons= too many positive signals in basal ganglia= too much dopamine

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thinking&decision making & brain dysfunction (bio25&26)

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