First hand, collected by researcher, doesn't already exist. E.g. interviews and questionnairs
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Secondary data
Already exists e.g. official statistics and recorded data
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Quantitative data
Numerical, lacks detail, good for quick analysis, closed questionnaires
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Qualitative data
Written and detailed, opinions e.g. interviews
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Positivism
Point of research is to uncover laws governing human behaviour, similar approaches to natural sciences, quantitative methods allow researcher to remain detatched e.g. official statistics and questionnaires
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Interpretivism
Indepth, non-scientific to see world through actors's eyes. Qualitative methods allow close interaction e.g. qualitative data and personal data
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Non-participant observation
Observes but does not take part
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Participant observation
Participants don't know being observed
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Structured observation
Categories of what might happen e.g. list
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Non-structured observation
No assumptions made about behaviours
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Observations (getting in)
Chance (James Patrick), acceptnce (if not accepted, takes longer to gain trust)
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Observations (Staying in)
Going native (over-involvement may lead to bias e.g. Punch identified with grou too much)
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Observations (Getting out)
Loyalty prevention (some find hard to describe everything due to loyalty and leads to decrease in validity)
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Overt advantages
No deception, avoids ethical issues, can take notes openly
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Overt disadvantages
Group may refuse to allow researcher in, hawthorne effect (participants know that they are being watched and behave differently) effects validity
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Covert (practical issues)
Keep up the act and not slip up, Patrick was nearly cuaght for small things such as buttoning on jacket
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Covert (ethical issues)
Deception (morally wrong), must debrief but may not happen if bad experience
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Lab
Controlled, experiemental group (experimental treatments) and controlled group (no treatment) are compared, IV manipulated and DV measured, establish cause and effect, EVs must be controlled
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Lab advantages
Reliable (easy to replicate), quantative (easy comparison)
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Lab disadvantages
Lack ecological validity (can't generalise to other settings), social desirablity (look desirable to researcher)
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Field
Natural experiment, IV manipulated and DV measured
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Field advantages
Valid (no hawthorne effect)
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Field disadvantages
Difficult to replicate, lack of consent (ethical issue)
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Comparative methods
2 groups identified and compared e.g. Durkheim's suicide study looked at patterns in statistics
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Structured interviews
Planned questions and can't be changed
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Unstructured interviews
Have questions but may vary, can expand
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Semi-structured interviews
Planned questions but can go off topic
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Group interviews
Interviewing a number of people at a time
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Card 2
Front
Secondary data
Back
Already exists e.g. official statistics and recorded data
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