the study of language

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speech community
a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language
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idiolect
the personal dialect of an individual speaker
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linguistic variable
a feature of language use that distinguishes one group of speakers from another
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social dialect
a variety of a language with features that differ according to the social status (e.g. middle class or working class) of the speaker
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social variable
a factor such as working class or middle class that is used to identify one group of speakers as different from another
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sociolect
social dialect, a variety of a language that is strongly associated with one social group (e.g. working class speech) `
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sociolinguistics
the study of the relationship between language and society
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postvolical
used after a vowel
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social marker
a lingustic feature that marks the speaker as a member of a particular social group
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speech style
a way of speaking that is either formal/careful or informal/casual
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style shifting
changing speech style from formal to informal
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covert prestige / labov
The idea of covert prestige was first introduced by William Labov, who noticed that even speakers who used non-standard dialects often believed that their own dialect was "bad" or "inferior".
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overt prestige / labov
An overt prestige dialect is generally one that is widely recognized as being used by a culturally dominant group. In England, this would be RP
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prestige
higher status
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convergence / giles accommodation theory
adopting a speech style that attempts to reduce social distance by using forms that are similar to those used by the person being talked to, as a type of speech accommodation in contrast to divergence
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divergence / giles accommodation theory
adopting a speech style that emphasises social distance by using forms that are different from those used by the person being talked to, as a form of speech accommodation
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register
a conventional way of using language that is appropriate in a specific situation, occupation or topic, characterized by the use of special jargon
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speech accommodation
modifying speech style toward (convergence) or away (divergence) the perceived style of the person being talked to
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jargon
special technical vocab associated with a specific activity or topic as part of a register
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vernacular
a social dialect with low prestige spoken by a lower status group, with marked differences from the standard language
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intonation
tone/quality of voice
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infinitive
base form of a verb
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expressive talk
communicating feelings, ideas, emotions and opinions
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tone
social relationships being enacted. politeness, degress of formality and reltive status or participants
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expressive talk
communitcating feelings, ideas, emotions and opinions
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field
activity taking place at the time or the subject matter
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transactional talk
interchange between at least two people with the purpose of achieving a goal
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descriptivism
belief that all types of language are acceptable - not judgemental
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commissives
speaker commited to a certain course of action e.r. 'bet', 'gurantee', 'promise', 'swear'
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auxiliary taboo
swearing attached to something other than a person, e.g. 'its bloody raining'
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auxiliary
verbs that support main verbs. can be used to indicate the time of action. main ones are 'to be', 'to have' and 'to do'
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referential talk
giving information or talking about a particular topic
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prescriptivism
belief that one type of language is acceptable - judegmental
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connotation
an association, idea or feeling that is conjured up
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cohesion
when lexis in a text creates a chain of meaning throughout
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back channel and minimal responses
listener does this tp encourgae speaker to continue, 'uh huh', 'Mmm'
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declarations
speake alters the status by making the utterance 'i reisgn', 'you're nicked', 'i name this child'
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representatives
speaker committed to the truth, I 'affirm', 'belive', 'conclude', 'report'
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prosodic features
non verbal aspects of speech, -pauses, -pitch, -stress (empahsis), -volume
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

the personal dialect of an individual speaker

Back

idiolect

Card 3

Front

a feature of language use that distinguishes one group of speakers from another

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

a variety of a language with features that differ according to the social status (e.g. middle class or working class) of the speaker

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

a factor such as working class or middle class that is used to identify one group of speakers as different from another

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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