The self, attitudes and social cognition (social10&11)
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- Created on: 16-05-22 21:43
Symbolic interactionism
Investigating how people create meaning throughs social interaaction
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Self concept
Complete set of beleifs people have of themselves made up of self-schemas
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The multiple role theory
Idea that complexity of the self is important (having different schemas)
Multiple self-schemas allows to open up to new experiences, opportunities and more self-growth
Multiple self-schemas allows to open up to new experiences, opportunities and more self-growth
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Self-clarity
The extent to which self shemas aee clearly and confidently defined and consistentwith each other
Unified multiple self-schemas help psychological wellebing and heps deals with stress and injustices
Unified multiple self-schemas help psychological wellebing and heps deals with stress and injustices
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Measuring self-concept
Diary studies (experience sampling)- participants keept rack of events/ activities
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Self-awareness
The state of ebing aware of one’s characteristics, feelings and behaviour
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Biological basis of self-awareness
Expected interaction effect of the relationship between 2 variables depending on a third variable
E.g. being insulted by a stranger but not affecting self awareneess because they have earphones
E.g. being insulted by a stranger but not affecting self awareneess because they have earphones
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Self-perception theory Bem 1967
People learn about self by observing thoughts, feelings and behaviours
E.g. if you study hard you see yourself as studious
E.g. if you study hard you see yourself as studious
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Self discrepancy Higgins 1987
People’s awareness between their actual self and the perceived and ought self
Actual self- how a person sees self at present time
Ideal self- how a person would like to see self
Ought self- how a person thinks they ought to be
Pcyshologucal discomfort fro
Actual self- how a person sees self at present time
Ideal self- how a person would like to see self
Ought self- how a person thinks they ought to be
Pcyshologucal discomfort fro
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Regulatory focus theory Higgins 1997, 1998
2 regualtory systems:
-Promotion- approach oriented in constructing self. May be chosen approach is confronted with a win
-Prevention- cautious and avoidant in doing so. May be chosen approach if confronted with loss
-Promotion- approach oriented in constructing self. May be chosen approach is confronted with a win
-Prevention- cautious and avoidant in doing so. May be chosen approach if confronted with loss
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Control theory of self-regulation Carver and Sheier 1981
-People test themselves against public and private standards and change behaviour if there’s discrepancy
-Cognitive feedback loop
-Allows people to improve through self-appraisal and self-regulation
-Cognitive feedback loop
-Allows people to improve through self-appraisal and self-regulation
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Social comparison theory festinger 1954
People learn about self through comparison to others
Upward comparison- comparison to those who are better (can have negative effects on selfesteem)
Downwad comparison- comparing oneself to those who are worse (postive effect on self-esteem)
Temporal comp
Upward comparison- comparison to those who are better (can have negative effects on selfesteem)
Downwad comparison- comparing oneself to those who are worse (postive effect on self-esteem)
Temporal comp
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Self-evaluation maintenance model Tesser 1988
People try to maintain self-esteem when making upward comparisons
Exaggerate ability of the better person
Engage in downward social comparison with another
Avoid the comparison person
Devalue the dimension on which the person is better
Exaggerate ability of the better person
Engage in downward social comparison with another
Avoid the comparison person
Devalue the dimension on which the person is better
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Self-esteem
A person’s subjective appraisal of themselves as intrinsically positive or negative (attitude a person has towards themselves)
Influenced by:
Parenting style(authoritarian, permissive and authoritative)
Chronic individual differences
Changes throughout li
Influenced by:
Parenting style(authoritarian, permissive and authoritative)
Chronic individual differences
Changes throughout li
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Self-presentation
Impression management- managing the impression you give off to other
Self monitoring- controlling how you present yourself to others and how you engage in people’s self-preservation
Motives for self-presentation
To be liked
Seen as morally respected
Self monitoring- controlling how you present yourself to others and how you engage in people’s self-preservation
Motives for self-presentation
To be liked
Seen as morally respected
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Culture and self-esteem
individualistic cultures sees themselves as separate to but close to significant others
Collectivist cultures define themselves accoridng to relationaships, attributing their traits to themselves
Collectivist cultures define themselves accoridng to relationaships, attributing their traits to themselves
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Attitudes
Persons evaluation of various aspect of their social world
Attitudes can be ambivalent
Attitudes can be ambivalent
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Tripartite model of attitudes (ABC)
Affect- emotional reaction to to attitudeobject
Behaviour- behaviour tendency (how they approach)
Cognition- beliefs or knowledge on object
Behaviour- behaviour tendency (how they approach)
Cognition- beliefs or knowledge on object
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Values
Beliefs about general aspect of life that go beyond specific objects and situations
Values organise attitudes, influencing behaviour thriguh attitudes
Shwarz 1992- The Schwarz complex wheel:
Self-direction, universalism, benevolence, conformity, tradition
Values organise attitudes, influencing behaviour thriguh attitudes
Shwarz 1992- The Schwarz complex wheel:
Self-direction, universalism, benevolence, conformity, tradition
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ideologies
Widely shared set of beliefs that typically relate to social/politcal sontext (more general than attitudes)
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Attitude formation
Epsorue effect)- exposed to attitude repeatedly; could also have reverse effect
(social learning)-leaned from modelled behaviour9classical conditioning)
(instrumental conditioning)-positive response so behaviour is repeated
(observational learning)- learn
(social learning)-leaned from modelled behaviour9classical conditioning)
(instrumental conditioning)-positive response so behaviour is repeated
(observational learning)- learn
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Implicit vs explicit attitudes
&
Direct and indirect Measures of attitude
&
Direct and indirect Measures of attitude
Explicit attiudes are conscious attitudes and implciit are unconscious attitudes.
Direct:
Attitude scale- questions
Observational studies
Indirect:
Bogus pipeline procedure- people told pipeline can detect ‘true’ identity
EMG: measures muscles of face
Direct:
Attitude scale- questions
Observational studies
Indirect:
Bogus pipeline procedure- people told pipeline can detect ‘true’ identity
EMG: measures muscles of face
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Theory of panned behaviour
Ajzen 19911
Ajzen 19911
draw pic
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Cognitive dissonance and reducing it
Unpleasant psychologica; state when people notice their behaviour and attitude are inconsistent
Festinger- reduce dissonance, by changing the way they think rather than behave:
Changing attitude to match behaviour
Reduce importance of dissonance
Self-affi
Festinger- reduce dissonance, by changing the way they think rather than behave:
Changing attitude to match behaviour
Reduce importance of dissonance
Self-affi
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Mimicry and imitation
Bodily feelings(e.g.warmth) infleucne social cognition
Ijzerman et al- being in warm room ameks us like strangers more and being socially excluded makes people pshycially cold.
Ijzerman et al- being in warm room ameks us like strangers more and being socially excluded makes people pshycially cold.
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Moral foundation theory
5 moral foundation to judge peoples behaviour:
harm/care
Fairness
Ingroup loyalty
Authority
purity
harm/care
Fairness
Ingroup loyalty
Authority
purity
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Complete set of beleifs people have of themselves made up of self-schemas
Back
Self concept
Card 3
Front
Idea that complexity of the self is important (having different schemas)
Multiple self-schemas allows to open up to new experiences, opportunities and more self-growth
Multiple self-schemas allows to open up to new experiences, opportunities and more self-growth
Back
Card 4
Front
The extent to which self shemas aee clearly and confidently defined and consistentwith each other
Unified multiple self-schemas help psychological wellebing and heps deals with stress and injustices
Unified multiple self-schemas help psychological wellebing and heps deals with stress and injustices
Back
Card 5
Front
Diary studies (experience sampling)- participants keept rack of events/ activities
Back
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