Psychology of Mental Health

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  • Created by: mc8g19
  • Created on: 06-01-20 14:05
what is mental health
a spectrum of human experience from positive to negative
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who did the definitions of mental health study
Manwell et al
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what did the definitions of mental health study find
30% of participants did not like any definitions of mental health, which shows there is a lot of flexibility
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what is depression
persistent feelings of sadness and helplessness and loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
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what are emotional symptoms of depression
depressed mood for most of the day, recurrent thoughts of death, feelings of worthlessness or excessive inappropriate guilt every day
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what are behaviour symptoms of depression
significant weight loss or gain, decrease or increase in appetite, fatigue, loss of energy
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what are the cognitive symptoms of depression
diminished interest in activities once enjoyed, slowing down of thought and a reduction of psychical movement, reduced ability to concentrate
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what are positive symptoms of psychosis
delusions, hallucinations and disorganised speech
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what are negative symptoms of psychosis
flat effect which is feeling like nothing, grossly disorganised or chaotic behaviour
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what are the emotional symptoms of psychosis
presence of lack of extreme mood, distress at experiencing behavioural symptoms
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what are the behavioural symptoms of psychosis
negative and positive symptoms
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what are the cognitive symptoms of psychosis
disorganised or slow thinking, difficulty in comprehension, poor concentration and memory, difficulty in expressing thoughts, difficulty integrating thoughts, feelings and behaviours,.
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what is dementia
characterised by cognitive impairment, interferes greatly with a persons independence. classed as major when 2-3 standard deviations below the norm.
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what are the cognitive symptoms of dementia
cognition interferes with independence, short term memory loss, concentration loss, difficulty understaning language, visio-spacial skills distressed, issues with orientation, lack of awareness of symptoms
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what are the behavioural symptoms of dementia
out of character behaviour, similar questions, pacing, weight loss, hallucinations, muscle weakness, agitation
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what are the emotional symptoms of dementia
frustration in mood related symptoms, irritation towards others, apathy, anxiety, sadness and confusion
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what are the positive evaluation points of symptoms
helps to explain in structured way, can communicate with others, can identity own issues, can normalise experience, can get treatment, compare across clinical groups
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what are the negative evaluation points of symptoms
possible mis-diagnosis, explanations may excuse behaviour, may find labels given depressing, may not want treatment offered
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what is the psychodynamic history of psychopathology
Freud was the first scientific theory, based on unconscious processes. Uses the ID, ego and superego to cause conflict which leads to mental illness.
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what is the behaviourism history of psychopathology
Pavlov and Skinner used the study of observable behaviour rather than unconcious. Mental illness arises as a result of learning processes. Treatment can be done by counter conditioning.
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what is the cognition history of psychopathology
Beck and Ellis suggested that dysfunctional cognition underlies mental disorders, highly influential in cognitive theory, challenging and correcting thinking errors.
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what are the two classification systems
The DSM-5 (Diagnositic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and the ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases
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what are depressive diagnosis symptoms in DSM-5
depressed mood, diminished interest, significant change in appetite, agitation, worthlessness, ability to concentrate, suicidal idealisation
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what must be present for depression diagnosis
five or more symptoms must be present for two weeks or longer for diagnosis
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what are psychotic diagnosis symptoms in DSM-5
delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, apologia, flat effect, grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour
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what must be present for psycosis diagnosis
two or more symptoms for more than a month, one of these must be positive. there also must be social and occupational impairment for 6 months.
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what are dementia diagnosis symptoms in DSM-5
cognitive impairment most prominent, interferes with independence, amnesia, apraxia, agnosia
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what must be present for dementia diagnosis
must have one or more aquired significant impairment
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positive evaluation of psychiatric diagnosis
useful as doctors can talk in structured way, allows comparison, communication easier, normalises experience, allows for communication within the family
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negative evaluation of psychiatric diagnosis
issues with inter rater reliability, issues with validity, clinicians may have specialities, co-morbidity, stigma, same diagnosis but no common symptoms
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what is case formulation
theoretically based explanation of information in a clinical assessment, offers a suggestion about the cause and nature of presenting alternatives to a more categorical approach.
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what is stigma
stigma is a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality or person
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what three elements does stigma imvolve
ignorance (a lack of knowledge), prejudice (negative attitudes) and discrimination (acting on these negative views)
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what is social stigma
negative stereotypes held by the public about mentally ill people, suggests people are weak, dangerous, violent, ect.
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what is the impact social stigma can have?
difficulty gaining housing, getting a job, accessing healthcare, reporting crimes. Mitchell et al showed that those with mental illness got less quantities of common medications
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what is the impact social stigma can have specifically on dementia?
patient can be isolated due to negative reactions of relatives
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what is self stigma
when a person internalises negative stereotypes about their mental illness including low self-esteem, shame and hopelessness. Bharawdwaj et al suggested that mental health is under reported compared to physical
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what is the impact self stigma can have
this can lead to reduced help seeking, especially in those with little knowledge about their own disease, those with little contact with people who are ill
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what is courtesy stigma
courtesy stigma is when family members become stigmatised because they have a relative who suffers from mental ill health
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what is diagnosis stigma
DSM-5 can exacerbate symptoms and disrupt healing processes to some people, may wait for treatment to work, also can take away distress related to relationships.
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what is stigmatising language
this is when a lack of knowlegde about mental illness leads to incorrect colloquial use of mental illness related terms. this feeds into social and self stigma.
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what are some ways to understand and address stigma
individual small scale interviews that correct people who use language, awareness campaigns, Muldoon et al (2018) those in community groups that made effort to social support had lower self stigma in mental health
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what is the depression brain function explanation
decreased metabolism of glucose in the prefrontal cortex, lack of activity causes avoltion. decreased function in anterior cingulate cortex means less activity and less able to regulate emotions.
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what is the depression brain structure explanation
dysfunction in hippocampus means they may result in out of context reaction. abnormalities in the amygdala means there is increased activation as it directs attention to emotionally charged stimuli.
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what is the depression neuroendocrine explanation
cortisol is secreted in times of stress, regulation problems. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical means lack of inhibition control.
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what is the depression neurotransmitters explanation
serotonin contributes to wellbeing and happiness, so there is a lack of this in depression. low levels of dopamine mean loss of control of emotional response.
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what is the schizophrenia brain structure explanation
reduced grey matter in prefrontal cortex associated with negative symptoms. reduced blood flow in prefrontal cortext. reduced volume in temporal cortex, issues with hippo campus leads to positive symptoms.
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what is the schizophrenia neuroendocrine explanation
there are cortisol regulation problems. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical network can experience both hyper and hypo function in it
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what is the schizophrenia neurotransmitters explanation
too much/too little dopamine in the basal ganglia, more receptors in the brain means more activity is needed.
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what is the dementia brain structure and function explanation
malfunction and death of cholinergic neurons. vascular events cause reduction in blood flow and damages to cells. Cortical shrinkage means generally less brain matter.
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what is the dementia neurochemicals explanation
amyloid production means excess production leads to clumping of protein and killing healthy cells.- Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Abnormal leads to impaled neuronal function and cause neuronal death.
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what is the dementia neurotransmitters explanation
reduction in the production of acetycholine, which is linked to reduced memory and emotion function
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what is the genetic heritability of depression
3x more likely with a first degree relative. Twins are 40% more likley. Adopted children were still just as likely as their biological parents.
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what are specific genes in depression
SLC6AF = serotonin transporter gene
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what is the genetic heritability of schizophrenia
twins are 80% more likely. 1st degree relatives are 10x more likely. Adoption studies are just as likely as if they were raised by their parents.
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what are specific genes in schizophrenia
a genome wide association study found around 100 genes which means theres no specific pairing. It is atiogically heterogeneous.
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what is the genetic heritability of dementia
twins have a 50-70% chance and a 50% change with first relatives
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what specific genes are in dementia
early onset dementia = Amyloid Persecutor Protein and Presenilin 1 and 2. Late onset dementia = Apo-E4 allele is a susceptibility gene
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what are the strengths of the genetic explanation evaluation
develop targeted treatments, support for biological basis, neat model with little personal interpretation,
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what are the weaknesses of the genetic explanation evaluation
not all disorders have common biological basis, people may not beneift, many factors cannot be treated such as genes and brain structure, ignores social factors such as stigma
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what is the somatigenic hypothesis
explanation of psychological problems can be found in biological impairments, which shift focus away from cultural and religious beliefs
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what are some aspects used to diagnose and treat
behaviour, appearance, speech, thought, mood, content, perception
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what are anti depressant medication developments
imipramine and other tricylics were replaced by SSRI'S. they have less side effects and are similarly effective
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what are anti psychosis medication developments
started with antihistemines to calm patients, however many side effects such as loss of vision and sexual issues. in the 1990's the second generation treatments improved side effecrs and were very effective for positive treatments.
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what are anti dementia medication developments
aricept can reduce the breakdown of acetycholine and can reduce cognitive decline. aducanumab is an immunotheraoy that selectively removes plaques.
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what are some historic medical treatments for mental ill health
malarial therapy by julias wagner in 1917, treated insanity as high temperatures killed them. lobotomy by walter freeman, 1940s, insert metal rod via eye to remove part of the brain where issues are. these ineffective and dangerous.
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what are the positive evaluation of the medical model
provides a framework for diagnosis and treatment, explains how to help as well as why they occour, logical as recognised and given label, can predict cause
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what are the negative evaluation of the medical model
reductionist, problematic for psychological disorders, diagnostic criteria can be subjective, reliability and validity, co-morbidity
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what is the effectiveness of psychiatric treatments
depression = mild symptoms less likely to respond to medication. dementia = cells die, produce less acetycholine, less available for aricept to act on. psychosis = medication effective but don't want to be on whole lives.
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what are the three factors in psychological model of mental health
biological factors, social triggers and circumstantial predisposing events
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what are the environmental factors of depression
kohler et al showed that widowhoodm physical abuse, sexual dysfunction, job strain, abuse as a child. suggests depression is a response to adverse life circumstance. paykel found 3x more likely to have significant life event in 6 months.
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what is the evaluation of the environmental factors of depression
good because many historial evidence for social support, however bad because not all negative life experiences become depressed and hard to determine cause and effect.
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what are the environmental aspects of psychosis
read found 50% sexually abused as a child, brentall found multiple childhood traumas increase. stilo et al found that 3x more likely with parental loss, 40% if separation from parents , also living alone, being single, unemployed, low level education
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what is the evaluation of the environmental factors of psychosis
not everuone who has a traumatic event will develop psychosis, cannot determine cause and effect
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what are the environmental aspects of dementia
ku et al found alchohol increased by 10% when 2-3 drinks consumed per week. zhong found 30% risk if smoking. head injury and ageing also make it way more likely.
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what is the evaluation of the environmental factors of dementia
not everyone who suffers with dementia suffers these particular issues, hard to distinguish cause and effect
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what are the psychological processes in depression
beck found due to faulty information processing, and unhelpful biases such as absolutist thinking, mental filtering, minimising ect. use of negative triad here.
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what are the psychological processes in psychosis
hallucinations = source monitoring, people think can hear voices that arent there. delusions = jumping to conclusions, which means jump to unwarranted conclusions. paranoia = early trauma can maintain paranoia
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what are the psychological processes in psychosis
due to disrupted neural functioning, memory gets worse over time and leads to confused thinking
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what is the overall positive evaluation of the psychological processes
builds on biological model to adress non biological causes, identification of causes supported, unique and individual, doesn't rely on biology, addresses external factors
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what is the overall negative evaluation of the psychological processes
issues are bigological in some, e.g dementia. more effort needs to be made in biological elements, ignores that factors and processes can influence each other
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what is the biospychosocial model
proposed by engel in 1977, combines aspects of the medical model as well as biological, psychological and social issues
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what is the general evaluation for the biospychosocial model
positives = not reductionist, non-pathological distress, pathologist can be treated, applied to mental and physical health. negatives = some criticise biological focus on treatment, cannot be applied to all individuals
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what are the biospychosocial model of depression
beck theorised the negative triad. genetic predisposition such as serotonin receptor function, combined with life events and lack of social support could lead to formation of negative triad.
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what are the biospychosocial model of psychosis
likely to be a result of interaction of these processes, caused by early expereinces. may have biological vulnerability such as glutamate function, life events such as separation from parents, and biological again may cause psychosis to form.
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what are the biospychosocial model of dementia
cascade of events that one triggered before symptom onsent, can be heritable, but can be significantly reduced by active lifestyle, no smoking, healthy eating, less drinking
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what are some implications for biospychosocial models
combination of biological, social and psychological via national insititue for health care and excellence, try to speak of all aspects in tandem
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what are the three types of intervention
biological intervention such as medication, psychosurgery, psychological intervention such as psychotherapy, social intervention such as peer support, skill development, ect.
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what are the basics on cognitive therapy?
focus on adressing emtional and behavioural reactions to situations, common sense model, certain events result in formation of schema, changes overall how we interpret life events
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what are the basics of cognitive behavioural therapy
focuses on the cognition and behaviour, aims to get the person to be their own therapist and has emphasis on relapse prevention, how to identify and respond to dysfunctional thoughts, increase help seeking
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what is the biopsychosocial treatment of depression
cbt is general treatment, however severe cases may also have medication. zhang et al did a meta analysis that said CBT more effective than control and more effective than medication at preventing relapse.
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what is the biopsychosocial treatment of psychosis
first generation medication supresses positive symptoms, 2nd generation uses selective dopamine receptors. may also use family therapy, to get rid of expressed emotion, psychological intervention such as CBT is useful for reaction to delusions.
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what is the biopsychosocial treatment of dementia
biological breakdown makes effort to tackle tangles, social aspects such as smoking and drinking, psychological such as CBT for emotional aspects, reminiscence therapy, horticultural therapy such as garden therapy, behavioural aspects such as jigsaws
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what are the evaluation points for the biopsychosocial model treatments
goes beyond medical model, develop interventions for non-biological, improves lifestyles, cumalative effect, complexity isnt same for everyone
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what are case studies
in depth investigations of an indiviudal, used for basis of early development of theories, data mostly qualitative, descriptive data.
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what is the depression evidence of case studies
daskalakis suggested treating depression with two forms of therapy treated with magnetic seizure therapy, shows a remission of symptoms
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what is the evaluation of case studies
may be only source of evidence, useful for detailing new insight, may disprove hypothesis. negatives = low external validity, not always useful, may not be most useful
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what is a case series
in depth investigation of a group of particpants with similar conditions or treatments, these are often the basis or next step from a case study for early development of theories.
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what is the psychosis evidence of case series
bonaccorso described clinical presentation and management plan of 4 patients that misused spice, provides descriptions and means you can manage patients with this
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what is the evaluation of case series
may be the only source of evidence we have, useful for detailing new insights, may disprove/prove a hypothesis, however could be lack of objectivity, and low external validity
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what are observational studies
also called correntaional studies, these look at relationship between variable x and y, with no experimenter manipulation.
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what is the psychosis observational studies
adulthood showed that there were many markers of social disadvantage such as living alone, being single, unemployed, 9x more likely to have these markers.
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what is the evaluation of observational studies
demonstartes relationships between variables, can provide information that may disprove a hypothesis, doesnt require manipluation, however correlation does not imply causation, and may be other variables influencing decision.
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what is the experimental studies
looks at the effect of manipulating x on y. randomly assigned to one of two groups, including independent and dependent variables
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what is the depression study for experimental studies
watkins and brown found that depressed patients were more likely to lean towards ascending or descening order when asked to say 1-9 in a random order 100 times. suggests failure of inhibitory control
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what is the evaluation of experimental studies
demonstrates causation more, can provide information that may disprove hypothesis, however, requires manipulation and may have low internal and external validity
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what are quasi experimental studies
these lay between observational and experimental, looks at effect of x on y in two different groups that are self selecting such as patient groups.
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what is the dementia quasi-experimental groups study
wawrzinczny tested the effects of a customised intervention on distress among caregivers of people. interventions 7 weekly gave a stabilising effect on caregivers perception and self esteem. this increases the impact of care on a daily routine.
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what is the evaluation of quasi-experimental groups
implies causation with more info than case studies, can provide information that may disprove a hypothesis, however may have low external and internal valdity, and correlational variables.
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what is a feasibility study
this is when you test one half of experimental manipulation to see if it is possible for your patient group to do it, and the effect of treatment
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what is a randomised control study
this is when a treatment is seen if it works, either given treatment or a placebo, experimenters also don't know which group participant is in when assessing if they have changed
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what is the psychosis study for clinical trials
howard found that he looked for antipsychotic treatment for very late onsent shchizophrenia like psycosis. either given low dosage amisulpride or placebo, showed that a low dose is effective and well tolerated as a treatment.
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what is the evaluation of clinical trials
implies causation, provides evidence based updates for treatment plans, however often in specific populations, need to be careful and very controlled conditions
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what are evidence reviews
deciding on a research question, deciding on inclusion and exclusion criteria which is more than just a search for papers
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what is the evaluation for evidence reviews
brings together all available to build a more comprehensive picture, allows for many different studies to be assesed, can highlight gaps, however, often in very specific populations and need to be careful with over generalising
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what is a meta analysis
a group of particpants whose data is put together and re-analysed in one big study, this is useful in a field of research with two strong opposing opinions
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what is the evaluation of meta analysis
brings together all info for comprehensive view however usually in specific populations and need to be careful with over-analysing, papers are excluded if cannot be easily entered
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who did the definitions of mental health study

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Manwell et al

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what did the definitions of mental health study find

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what is depression

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what are emotional symptoms of depression

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