The Nervous System

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what are the main components of the nervous system?
the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
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what are the 2 components of the central nervous system:
the brain and the spinal chord
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what is the brain composed of?
cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem (medulla oblogata and pons)
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where and what does the spinal chord do?
it runs down the centre of the vertebral column and gives rise to spinal nerves serving the body trunk and limbs.
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what is the peripheral nervous system made of?
its composed of nerves connecting the brain and the spinal chord to the rest of the body.
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what are the two components?
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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what are the cranial nerves?
they originate directly from the brain and serve structures mainly in the head.
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what are some examples of this?
optic nerve, olfactory nerve
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what are the spinal nerves?
they originate from the spinal chord and serve all other regions of the body.
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what are some examples of regions of the body that they serve?
thorax, abdomen, limbs etc
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what are the 3 nerve cells?
sensory neurones, motor neurones, association neurones.
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what do the sensory neurones do?
carry nerve messages into the CNS
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what do the motor neurones do?
Carry nerve impulses to effectors e.g. muscles
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what do association neurones do?
these relay messages between the sensory and motor neurones.
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what are some of the structures in the earth worm nervous system?
the ganglia, nerve cords, peripheral nerves, cerebral ganglia
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describe the nervous system of the earth worm:
the nervous system is segmented into the brain above the pharynx and is connected to the 1st ventral ganglion. each segmented ganglion get sensory information from only its local region and controls only the muscles in this region.
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what are the basic structures of the eye in mammals?
sclerotic layer, cornea, choroid layer, ciliary body and ciliary muscle, lens, iris, retina, aqueous humour, vitreous humour, fovea, optic nerve
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what is the sclerotic layer?
white protective layer of eye
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what is the cornea?
transparent window at front of the eye continuos with sclerotic layer.
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what is the choroid layer?
dark pigmented layer of cells and blood vessels inside the sclerotic layer. reduces internal reflection inside the eyeball.
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what is the ciliary body?
body of blood vessels and muscle fibres (ciliary muscle) controlling shape of lens.
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what is the lens?
transparent bi-conves structure which focuses light rays on the retina.
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what is the iris?
pigmented structure of radial and circular muscles with a central hole called the pupil.
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what is the retina?
inner layer of light sensitive cells (rods and cones) and nerve fibres.
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what is the aqueous humour?
clear liquid filing front chamber of the eye.
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what is the vitreous humour?
clear gel filing back chamber of eye.
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what is the fovea?
part of the retina containing most cone (colour sensitive) cells.
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what is the optic nerve?
originates from back of the eye and carries nerve impulses to optic lobe of brain.
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what are the 2 light sensitive cells of the retina?
rods and cones
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describe the rods:
NOT sensitive to colour and found throught the retina.
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describe the cones:
SENSITIVE to colour, and concentrated in the region of the fovea.
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what are the basic structures of the ear in mammals?
pinna, ear drum (Tympanic membrane), ear ossicles (maleus, incus, stapes), eustachian tube, cochlea, semicircular canals, auditory nerve
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what is the pinna?
funnel-shaped flap of cartliage and skin which directs sound waves into ear canal.
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what is the ear drum (Tympanic membrane)?
sheet of skin and muscle at end of ear canal, attached to ear ossicles of middle ear.
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what is the ear ossicles (maleus, Incus and Stapes)?
3 small bones transferring sound vibrations through middle ear to oval window of cochlea.
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what is the eustachian tube?
tube linking middle ear to pharynx.
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what is the cochlea?
coiled structure of inner ear transferring vibrations to auditory nerve.
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what are the semicircular canals?
series of lateral and longitudinal canals on top of cochlea: has a function in balence
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what is the auditory nerve?
connects inner ear structures to brain
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what are the main layers of the skin?
epidermis, dermis, adipose tissue layer (sub-cutaneous layer).
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describe the epidermis:
thin surface layer of stratified epithelial tissue composed of 5 layers of cells, innermost layer called the germinative layer (stratum germinativum) and the outermost called the cornified layer (stratum corneum)
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describe the dermis:
thicker lower layer composed of collagen and elastin fibres(areolar connective tissue). it contains structures including hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels and sensory nerve endings.
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Describe the adipose tissue layer:
lower layer of fat-storing cells in energy storage and thermal insulation
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what are the 2 components of the central nervous system:

Back

the brain and the spinal chord

Card 3

Front

what is the brain composed of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

where and what does the spinal chord do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is the peripheral nervous system made of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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