The Evolutionary Perspective of Gender Role

?
The ----------- picture is of man being the hunter & woman being the gatherer/domestic goddess.
Traditional
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The role division of labour may have evolved because women would've spend most of their time pregnant/caring for children; if a woman spent time hunting it would reduce the group's ------------ success - she'd usually grow vegetables at home.
Reproductive
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This division of labour is important in avoiding ---------- as well, which is an adaptive advantage (if women went hunting and got killed then they couldn't produce milk for any babies at home and therefore they'd die off).
Starvation
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Who suggest that this gender division of labour might actually explain why humans survived, whereas Neanderthals didn't? Neanderthals = meat eaters & both men and women hunted. Didn't farm and so if unsuccessful hunters then they didn't eat (died).
Kuhn and Stiner
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Who found that men look for women who're physically attractive whereas women are concerned about the resources a partner can provide?
Buss
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Males do well to mate as often as they can & select women who're more ------- (young & healthy) - women are also concerned with health & physical attractiveness but are more worried about resources a man can provide.
Fertile
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We expect men to seek attractiveness & women seek to enhance their ---------- whilst women seek a partner who's wealthy/powerful & men advertise their status.
Appearance
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Research shows that women are better at empathising (understanding what other people think/feel) whereas men are better at ------------- (understanding & building systems).
Systematising
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Who came up with E-S theory & proposes this gender difference may be the result of a selection pressure for males (who develop better hunting strategies) & females (who're focused on rearing children)?
Baron-Cohen
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Who suggests that males who were better at systematising (had greater precision) would have gained an evolutionary advantage?
Baron-Cohen
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Women may not just be better at empathising but may also be more focused on ------------- concerns (i.e. the relationships between people).
Interpersonal
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Who've proposed that women's focus on interpersonal concerns (more than men) stem from the different challenges faced by men and women dealing with stress in the EEA?
Taylor et al
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Ancestral males would deal with ------- (attacking animal) by getting ready to fight or flee.
Threats
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Adaptive response for females as the primary caregivers = protect themselves & their young - would also be adaptive to group together with family units which leads to female tendency to tend & befriend at times of ------ when men would turn defensive
Stress
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A key criticism is that evolutionary explanations are ----------- (don't have a firm factual basis) - e.g. we have no direct evidence that the disappearance of the Neanderthals was due to gender-related division of labour.
Speculative
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Who used personal ads to assess what men & women were seeking & advertising? (44% of males sought a physically attractive partner compared to 22% of women; 50% of women offered attractiveness whereas only 34% of men did).
Waynforth and Dunbar
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Who conducted a natural experiment to test male-female differences in stress? Sampled levels of cortisol a week before exams & right before the exam. Male = high increase of cortisol. Female = lower levels than males.
Ennis et al
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Who showed that, in women, levels of oxytocin (hormone that reduces anxiety & makes people more sociable) increased with stress?
Taylor et al
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When humans turned from a vegetarian diet to one that included meat, men became hunters due to selective pressures. Who suggests an outcome of this is that men used meat as a means of attracting female interest?
Stanford
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Who found that in modern hunter-gatherer societies men use meat as a means of gaining access to women?
Hill and Kaplan
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Who's proposed that autism may be an example of the extreme male brain which excels at systematising & lacks the ability to empathise?
Baron-Cohen
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Who's found that autistics score high at systematising & low on empathising (i.e. they have an extreme male brain)?
Baron-Cohen
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------- for evolutionary explanations comes from historical records, questionnaires, comparative studies & cross-cultural studies) - questionnaires = people could lie/exaggerate & with cross-cultural questionnaires = some may not understand questions
Support
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IDA - The evolutionary approach is a biological one (nature) but the alternative view is the ------ approach of behaviour being affected by nurture.
Social
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IDA - 1 criticism of the evolutionary approach is that it's ----------- (i.e. genes specify exactly how people will behave).
Determinist
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IDA - Evolutionary psychologists suggest that genes only ---------- us to behave in certain ways but this doesn't dictate what people choose to do.
Predispose
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The role division of labour may have evolved because women would've spend most of their time pregnant/caring for children; if a woman spent time hunting it would reduce the group's ------------ success - she'd usually grow vegetables at home.

Back

Reproductive

Card 3

Front

This division of labour is important in avoiding ---------- as well, which is an adaptive advantage (if women went hunting and got killed then they couldn't produce milk for any babies at home and therefore they'd die off).

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Who suggest that this gender division of labour might actually explain why humans survived, whereas Neanderthals didn't? Neanderthals = meat eaters & both men and women hunted. Didn't farm and so if unsuccessful hunters then they didn't eat (died).

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who found that men look for women who're physically attractive whereas women are concerned about the resources a partner can provide?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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