The Behavioural Approach - Trigger/Key words + notes

Look at the trigger/key word on the front of the card and try to think of some knowledge or evaluation from the textbook that matches up.

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Animals & Learning
Animals studied instead of humans - we learn in the same way.
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Behaviour = learnt
The behaviourists believe that all behaviour is learnt.
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Testable & Lab
It must be observable and/or testable in a lab.
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Dislikes origins
Doesn't like introspection or psychodynamic approaches.
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Association & Pavlov's dogs
Classical conditioning is learning through association (first demonstrated through Pavlov's dogs).
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Conditioned
Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate when hearing a bell by ringing it whilst giving the dog food then removing the food.
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Science & Control
Behaviourism brought the language and methods of the natural sciences into Psychology by focusing on observable behaviour in highly controlled settings.
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Credibility & Status
Gave Psychology greater credibility and status.
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Processes, Objectivity, Replication
Behaviourism was influential in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline by emphasising the importance of processes like objectivity and replication.
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Active & Environment
Skinner suggested that learning is an active process whereby humans and animals operate on their environment.
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Positive reinforcement
Reward for behaviour.
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Negative reinforcement
Avoiding punishment.
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Punishment
Negative consequence for behaviour.
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Variable ratio & Prolongs
A variable ratio schedule prolongs behaviour in animals (reward doesn't come right away).
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Unpredictable
Reward comes after an unpredictable number of responses.
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Extinct
Conditioned behaviour can become extinct.
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Addiction
This is applied to a number of forms of human addiction including gambling.
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Prisons & Psych wards
Operant conditioning happens in real-life situations (e.g: prisons, psych wards).
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Good behaviour = reward
Good behaviour (no fights, take meds) results in a reward (material objects, see family).
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Phobias
Classical conditioning is also used to help phobias.
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Passive
Animals are seen as passive and machine-like responders to their own environment.
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No conscious insight, Stimulus -> response
Little to no conscious insight plays a role in animal responses ( stimulus-response reactions).
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Animal behaviour
Learning theory may apply less to human than animal behaviour.
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Exposed & Stress
Animals are exposed to stressful conditions.
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Affect
Stress may affect how they reacted.
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Reinforcement history & Skinner
Skinner suggested that everything we do is the sum total of our reinforcement history.
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Ignores free will
Ignores any possible influence free will has on our behaviour.
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Illusion
Any sense of free will we have is simply an illusion.
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Conditioning history
When something happens, we think we've made a decision. But, according to Skinner, our past conditioning history determined the outcome.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The behaviourists believe that all behaviour is learnt.

Back

Behaviour = learnt

Card 3

Front

It must be observable and/or testable in a lab.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Doesn't like introspection or psychodynamic approaches.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Classical conditioning is learning through association (first demonstrated through Pavlov's dogs).

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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