The atonement

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  • Created by: Sc1602
  • Created on: 26-12-19 09:52
What is atonement?
The process by which men and women are reconciled with God through the death of Christ on the cross (to make "at one" or reconcile)
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Why was the atonement necessary?
original sin separates all people from God, so we need to be reconciled
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What conveys the significance of Jesus' death?
atonement
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What is expiation?
what Christ did on the cross, he paid the penalty for human sin
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What is propitiation?
the result of what Christ did on the cross, he averted God's wrath
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Who coined the word atonement?
William Tyndale (15th/16th century) who was one of the first translators of the Bible into English
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What is the Hebrew word for atonement?
Kippur
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What is the Greek word for atonement?
Katallage
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What was a common practice in the Old Testament?
sacrifice
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Why was sacrifice a common practice in the Old Testament?
to restore a broken relationship between the people and God
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What is recorded in Leviticus 16?
a priest symbolically lays the community's sins upon a goat, which is cast out into the wilderness
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What is recorded in Exodus 12?
the sacrifice of the passover lamb
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What does John the Baptist say about Christ in John 1:29?
he is "the lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world"
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In the book of Hebrews, it is written that through the perfect sacrifice of Christ, human sin...
is taken away "once for all"
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In general, what does the sacrifice model teach?
Human beings had nothing of sufficient value to sacrifice to God for their sins, so he provided the sacrifice himself
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What did Augustine say about Jesus' sacrifice? (quote)
"he offered himself"
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God's sacrifice can be seen as mirroring...
Genesis 22:8 when instead of allowing Abraham to sacrifice his only son, God himself provided the sacrifice
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Name 2 objections to the sacrifice model.
1. No loving God would sacrifice his only son to satisfy his own sense of justice. 2. It depicts God as an angry tyrant who is unforgiving until he is appeased
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Which model is a variant of the sacrifice model?
the ransom model
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The Gospels indicate that Jesus himself thought of his death as...
a ransom to redeem humanity from sin
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Matthew 20:28
"the Son of man came... to give his life a ransom for many"
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1 Timothy 2:5-6
"Jesus... who gave himself a ransom for all"
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What is unclear in the ransom model?
to whom the ransom is paid
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To whom did Origen (2nd century theologian) say that the ransom was paid?
Satan
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Why did Origen say that the ransom was paid to Satan?
to free humankind whom Satan had enslaved after the sin of Adam and Eve. As Satan was unaware that Jesus is God, he was deceived and suffered defeat
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Name 2 objections to the ransom model.
1. It gives Satan more power than he has. 2. It portrays God as a debtor and deceiver
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Which model was proposed as a modification of the ransom model by Anselm?
satisfaction
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In what book did Anselm proposed the satisfaction model?
Cur Deus Homo (1097)- Latin for "Why a God Man?"
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Anselm maintained that human sin had so offended God's honour that...
he could only be satisfied with the death of the God-man, Jesus
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Human debt was greater than...
men and women could pay
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Because human debt was greater than men and women could pay, God...
had to pay the debt himself
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The payment could not redeem humans unless it was...
made by a human
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Jesus was under no obligation to die, so...
his death brought honour to God
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Jesus passed on this supererogation of merit to...
those who believed in him
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Name an objection to the satisfaction model.
Anselm saw God in terms of the feudalism of his day, so some would argue that God as an overlord is unbiblical
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Which model did Aulen (Swedish theologian) propose?
Christus Victor (a repopularisation of the ransom model)
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What was the title of Aulen's book?
Christus Victor (1931)
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Aulen argued that human beings had been bound by...
the hostile powers of death and the devil
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Aulen saw the ransom model not as a theological hypothesis, but as a...
passion story about liberation from the slavery of sin
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Whilst Anselm saw the atonement as a payment of a debt of honour to God, Aulen saw it as...
Jesus entering human misery and redeeming it
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Name an objection to the Christus Victor model.
plays down human sin and guilt
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16th century Protestant reformers thought that the satisfaction model was...
inadequate, as it relies on God honour and not God's justice
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The reformer based their argument upon...
the suffering servant songs in Isaiah ("the Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all")
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Galatians 3:13
"Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us"
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The Penal Substitution model argues that...
Jesus set human beings free from being punished from their sins, but satisfying God's justice by taking their place
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Name 4 objections to the Penal Substitution model.
1. based more on the criminal justice system than biblical revelation. 2. Is it just to punish the innocent instead of the guilty? 3.It is rooted in violence and vengeance (are these features of God's nature?) 4. Separates the Father and Son
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Who first formulated the moral example model?
Augustine
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Who restated the moral example model and why?
Peter Abelard (12th century) in reaction against Anselm's satisfaction model
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the moral example model is favoured by...
modern liberal theologians
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the moral example model states that Jesus died not to appease God, but...
the moral example model states that Jesus died not to appease God, but...
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Name 3 objections to the moral example model.
1. Doesn't explain the crucifixion (Jesus could have been an example without dying) 2. Teaches that humans can achieve salvation through works (not faith), denying the supernatural effect of Jesus' death 3. Belittles God's anger against sin
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why was the atonement necessary?

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original sin separates all people from God, so we need to be reconciled

Card 3

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What conveys the significance of Jesus' death?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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What is expiation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

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What is propitiation?

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