T and B Lymphocytes

This is a brief quiz on T and B lymphocytes; their production, maturation and function within the body

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  • Created by: gemmmmma
  • Created on: 06-08-20 11:05
Where do T lymphocytes originate?
Bone marrow
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Where do T lymphocytes mature?
Thymus
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Where are mature T lymphocytes found?
Lymph nodes
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T cells are ___% of blood lymphocytes
80%
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T cell receptors (TCRs) can only recognise...
Peptides presented in MHC molecules
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What effect does age have on the thymus?
The thymus atrophies with age, and cannot mature new T cells
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What screening system is used in T cell maturation
Positive and negative selection
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What occurs in the first stage of T cell maturation?
The random re-arrangement of TcR genes
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What are immature T cells called?
Thymocytes
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What happens in stage 2 of T cell maturation?
Further re-arrangement of genes results in CD4+CD8+ double positive expression
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What happens in stage 3 of T cell maturation?
Double positive T cells encounter epithelial cells expressing self-peptides in class 1 and 2 MHC. Positive and negative selection occurs
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What happens in stage 4 of T cell maturation?
The T cells differentiate into either CD4 or CD8 cells, driven by various factors like GATA3 and TCR signals
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What is the function of transcription factor GATA3?
Commits T cells towards a CD4+ fate and induces expression of ThPokduring phase 4 of maturation
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What is Central Tolerance?
Lymphocytes developing receptors based on the antigens expressed in the thymus
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What is Peripheral Tolerance?
Lymphocytes developing receptors based on antigens outside of the thymus
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What are the 2 signals required for the activation of a naive T cell
Antigen recognition and co-stimulation
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How is the proliferation of naive T cells regulated?
CTLA4
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When naive T cells are first activated, the major cytokine they secrete is...
IL-2
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What is the role of a Th1 cell?
Mediating cellular immunity to viral infections
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What is the function of Th2 cells?
Mediation of humoral immunity
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Which is NOT a factor in Th polarisation?
Genetic rearrangement
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What is the role of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes (CTLs)
The clearance of viral infections, intracellular bacteria/parasites, and cancer
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How are CTLs armed directly?
Potent signals from dendritic cells
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How are CTLs armed indirectly?
By antigen specific Th1 cells
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What is the difference in the two killing mechanisms of CTLs
One uses Ca++ to form pores in the cell, one uses Fas-Fas ligand interaction
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Why don't CTLs die from carrying granzymes?
The surface enzyme cathepsin B protects the CTL
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How are Natural Killer cells (NK) characterised?
By markers CD56+ in humans and NKR-P1+ in rodents
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What is the function of NK cells
Recognise and kill virus infected and cancerous cells
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How do NK cells recognise antibody-coated cells?
with receptor FcR CD16
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How do NK cells recognise cells infected with viruses/parasites/cancer?
The Opposing Signals model
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How does CTLA-4(CD152) regulate the T cell response?
Binds to B7 with a higher affinity than CD28 molecules
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Where do B cells originate?
Bone marrow
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Where do B cells mature?
Bone marrow
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B cells are __% of blood lymphocytes
20%
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Where are mature B cells found?
In lymph nodes
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B cell receptors recognise...
Non-self antigens
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What type of cell are lymphocytes formed from?
Multipotent hemotopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
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What happens in the Antigen Independent stage of B cell development?
The assessment of cell functionality using positive and negative screening
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What occurs during genetic rearrangement of B cells?
The rearrangement of all possible combinations of V-J-D and V-J segments of the variable regions
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Where do B cells that pass the screening system travel to?
The spleen
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How can B cells be activated without T cells?
interactions with toll-like receptors with PAMPs and factors from the complement system
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What is class switching?
Plasma cells changing which type of immunoglobulin they produce
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How is class switching stimulated?
By cytokines from Th2 cells
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What are germinal centres?
sites within secondary lymphoid organs where mature B cells proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibody genes
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Which cells pass through lymphoid organs and germinal centres?
Re-circulating naive B cells that need to be activated
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

Back

Thymus

Card 3

Front

Where are mature T lymphocytes found?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

T cells are ___% of blood lymphocytes

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

T cell receptors (TCRs) can only recognise...

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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