Stroke

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  • Created by: anyarms
  • Created on: 11-01-23 17:28
A stroke is also known as
a Cerebrovascular accident CVA
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A stroke is
an interruption to the blood supply
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It is a sudden onset of
24 hours
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if lasts longer than 24 hours it is called a
transient ischaemic attack
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The FAST test stands for
Facial weakness - can they smile?
Arm weakness - Can they lift up both arms?
Speech problems - Can they speak clearly and understand?
Time - If any signs are evident call 999
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Hemiplegia is
paralysis of one side of the body
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Hemianopia is
loss of vision in half the visual field
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Stroke mortality rate is
1 in 8 die in a month
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In the Uk there is 1 in
14 deaths
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Worldwide there is 1 in
8 deaths
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The risk of death is related to
length of time unconscious, age and comorbidity
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Prevalence for stroke is
1.2m survive
1 in 54 people
1 in 6 men
1 in 5 women
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Incidence for stroke is
1.5 per 1000 people yearly in the UK
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The risk factors to a stroke are
age, family history, medical conditions and hormone levels in women, life style and demographic factors
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the medical conditions which impact risk of stroke are
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, atrial fibrillation, diabetes and sickle cell disease
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the factors affecting hormone levels are
pregnancy, the pill and HRT
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Life style factors are
unhealthy diet, alcohol and smoking
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The prevention factors for stroke are
treating high blood pressure, stopping smoking, managing weight, increase exercise, lower blood cholesterol and control and management of diabetes
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The circle of Willis distributes
the blood around the brain
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The three main areas are
the internal ceratoid artery, the middle cerebral artery and the basilar artery
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The circle of Willis supplies oxygenated blood to
over 80% of the cerebrum
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Cerebral Circulation, the arteries branch like
trees
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Blockage to these arteries results in
a wedge like lesion
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A blockage near the base of artery has
more widespread effects
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The types of strokes are
ischaemic and haemorrhage
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Ischaemic stroke is
a complete or partial occlusion of arteries
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when blood flow drops
cells die from lack of oxygen and build up of toxic wastes
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necrosis is
premature cell death
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apoptosis is
programmed cell death
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An acute ischaemic stroke will have two different areas to it
core infarction and ischaemic penumbra
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core infarction is where
the cells die due to lack of oxygen, they break down and bathe surrounding cells in toxic wastes, causing ICP
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ICP is
intracranial pressure
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Ischaemic penumbra is
the area that surrounding cells receive enough oxygen to stay alive but are not functioning effectively
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There are three types of ischaemic strokes, these are
thrombotic, embolic and lacnur
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A thrombotic stroke is due to
atherosclerosis
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atherosclerosis is
deposition of lipid fats in smooth muscle cells in the artery wall
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or a
ulcer on the artery wall
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the ulcer on the artery wall results in
stenosis - the narrowing of the artery
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this then leads to
slow blood flow with development of thrombus
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thrombus is
a collection of fibrin, platelets and red blood cells
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Blood clot + blocked artery =
thrombosis
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A embolic stroke is part of
embolus
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embolus is
a blood clot, plaque deposit or air bubble
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this is formed
elsewhere
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breaks of and flows to
the brain
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this causes blockage which artery
the cerebral
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it can be linked to what speech and language impairment
aphasia
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it can come from thrombus formed being
ulcerated arterial lesion, mitral valve disease and myocardial infection
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Lacunar stroke is also known as
small vessel disease
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this because of a
blockage of the small artery
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the small artery is called
arteriole
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The arteriole is
located near the circle of Willis, where the blood pressure is highest
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It is caused by
micro atheroma
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micro atheroma is
a small fat-based plaque on the arterial wall
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it is related to
hyper tension
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TIA stands for
transient ischaemic attack
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it is known as a
mini stroke
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people with TIA's are at high risk of stroke being
5% in 2 days
8% in 1 week and 12% in 3 months
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Intervention for TIA is
to reduce blood pressure and address lifestyle factors
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stroke prevention and aspirin reduces risk of what
cerebral or myocardial infarction by 22%
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For people with
TIA's, who have already had a stroke or heart attack and people with arterial fibrillation
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Cerebral haemorrhage is
a haemorrhagic stroke
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A haemorrhagic stroke is
massive bleed into the brain tissues
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most common causes are
hypertension when the individual is awake due to blood pressure being higher when they are awake
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Effects are due to
mass displacement of brain tissue, ICP and destruction at sight of bleeding
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Other causes are
arteriovenous malformations
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arteriovenous malformations are
congenital collections of abnormal blood vessels
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congenital collections of abnormal blood vessels means that
arteries and veins are linked then depriving the surrounding tissues of oxygen
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this then means that
the large blood vessels are now weak
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The individual is then liable to
develop aneurysm
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A Aneurysm is
vascular dilations arising from localised defects in elasticity
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A aneurysm can be due to
congenital defects, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, embolisms and infections
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they can cause
severe headache if pressing on the dura mater
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weakness of the vessel wall may cause them to
burst
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Types of stroke
intracerebral, subarachnoid and subdural
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subarachnoid and subdural are associated with
meninges
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Meninges are
the protective outer layer between the brain and skull
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The meninges are called
dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
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a subdural haemorrhage is usually due to
contact head injuries
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this is not a
stroke, but may cause one
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the dura mater as
pain receptors
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3 in 5 people die from this within
2 weeks
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thrombolysis is a type of
treatment
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it uses
a thrombolytic drug
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the thrombolytic drug breaks down
blood clots
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standardised protocol is
must be given within 3 hours of stroke onset
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criteria
no brain haemorrhage or history of, no TBI or stroke within the last 3 month, no hypertension and no taking of anticoagulants
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Surgeries done are called
carotid endarterectomy and hemicraniectomy
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carotid endarterectomy is the
surgical removal of plaque in carotid artery to improve the cerebral blood flow
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Hemicraniectomy is
opening of the skull
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it is used for raised
ICP
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this is usually after
a massive cerebral artery infarct
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The procedure for aneurysms is called
coiling
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coiling is
a platinum wire used to promote slow flow and clotting
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A stroke is

Back

an interruption to the blood supply

Card 3

Front

It is a sudden onset of

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

if lasts longer than 24 hours it is called a

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

The FAST test stands for

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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