Stem Cells

FOR Edexcel SNAB spec: Flip for aim

Explain term stem cells ,pluri,toti and multipotency and discuss the way society uses science knowledge to make decisions.......

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Definition of STEM CELL

A cell that has the potential to develop into different types of cells.

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What is a Stem Cell

Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can develop into many different types of cells.

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Name the Process of cell specialisation

Differentiation

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Name the two types of Stem cells

Embryonic & Adult Stem Cells

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What does Potency Mean?

It is the POTENTIAL of a stem cells to differentiate into specialised cells.

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Name the three types of potency

Totipotency, Pluripotency & Multipotency

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What is MULTIpotency

This the ability of a stem cell to produce a number of different cells but is Limited in its ability to differentiate

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Pluripotency

The ability of a stem cell to produce all specialised cells in an organism BUT extra-embryonic cells

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Totipotency

The ability of a stem cell to produce all cell types

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How can Embryonic stem cells be Obtained

From Early embryos. Through IVF.Human Egg is Fetilised and develops into a Blastocyst.Then they are transferred into a culture medium where they are culture into Embryonic Stem Cells.

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What is a Blastocyst

It is a ferilised egg which consists of inner cell mass.And Can become placenta/embryo

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Are embryonic Stem cells Pluri,Multi Or Totipotent and Why?

Pluripotent because they have the ability to differentiate into almost every type of body cell.

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What type of potency do adult stem cells have ?

Multipotency

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WHere and How are Adult Stem Cells ( Somatic cells) Obtained?

From Body Tissue of an adult.E.g in the bone Marrow.A needle is inserted in to the centre of a bone and some bone marrow is removed.

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How much risk is involved in the operation and does it cause discomfort?

Invloves litte risk but can cause a lot of dicomfort

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What is the disadvantage with using adult stem cells

They arent flexible as they can only develop into a LIMITED range of cells.

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What is the advantage with embryonic stem cells

They can develop into all types of specialised cells

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State an arguement FOR the use of stem cells

Can save Lives.Improve quality of live by replacing damaged tissues in a range of diseases e.g. Parkinsons and Spinal Cord Injuries.

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Arguement AGAINST the use of stem cells

Life begins at conception- destroying viable embryo and a potential life. Scientists are "trying to play god"

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What the works of the Regulatory authorities involve ?

Setting up guideline/codes of practice-to make sure methods of extraction are followed. Monitoring centres of research to avoid unregulated research. Provide advice/info to the govt - help society understand whats involved and the importance.

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What are two main problems with stem cells

Rejection by immmune system of recipient. Controversial ethical issues.

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What is a solutions to rejection

Therapeutic Cloning, Using drugs to prevent the recipient from rejecting any transplanted organ.Tissue typing.

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What does Therapeutic Cloning involve?

A Diploid cell is removed from patient needing transplant. The nucleus from this would be fused with an ovum from which haploid nucleus had been removed . Cell divides, Blastocyst fromes.Stem cells are isolated.Obtain gentetically identical tisusue.

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Stem Cells

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