sociology - research methods

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name three types of random sampling
simple (competly random), stratified (you know a little infomation about them), cluster (select random areas and then random groups from them
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what is a problem with simple random sampling?
the random sample may not be representitive of the whole population - CAGE
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what are three examples of Non- random sampling?
Systematic (taking every Nth name), Snowball (make contact with one member then ask that member for a contact), quota (workers interview people on the street)
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what is a problem with snowball sampling?
it is unlikey to be an unrepresentatice one
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what is a good thing about systematic sampling
it gives the exact sample size
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what is a problem with quota sampling?
interviewer may make a mistake
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what is a pilot study?
a trail study
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why is it good to do a pilot study?
because it can save time money and effort in the long run
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what are the two types of questions on a questionnaire?
open and closed
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1) what are the advantages of questionnaires
they are relatively cheap, quick and efficent way of getting a large amount of data
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2) what are the advantagesf of questionnaires
they can provide quantitative data which is good for comparisons
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3) what are the advatages of questionnaires
it can be repeated easily for a reliability check
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things to remember when making questionnaires
dont be too personal, keep your opinons out of it and include a brief into and say thankyou at the end
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what are the disadvantegs of questionnaires
postak questionnaires have a low response rate so therefore it wont be an accurate representive of the data, have closed questions so the are not in depth, questions may be misunderstood, can never be sure that the right person completed it.
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what are the two main types of interviews?
structured and unstuctured
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what are the advantages of structured interviews?
the response rate is higher than questionnaires, if the respondent dosent understand the question can be rephrased so info is more valid
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what are the disadvantages of structed interviews?
an interviwee may give an answer that they think is socially acceptable (not their real answer), because it is structured it could close off infomation
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what are the advantages of unstructured interviews?
informal so higher response rate and they can develop there answers and give a more in-depth account, allows more complex issues to be examined
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what are the disadvantages of unstructured interviews?
need skilled and trained interviewer, may be affected be interviewer bias leadind to invalid results, time consuming
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how to be a good interviewer?
think carefully about your questions, explian at the start what you are soing and why, maintain as much contact as possible and look intrested
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what is the difference between Non-particpant observation and Participant observation?
Non participant is when you are not involved in what is going on, and partipant is when the researcher acts like they are a member of the group
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what is the difference between overt and cover?
Covert is a secret observation and overt is when the group knows they are being obsereved
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how to do an observation well.
if it is overt you need to gain permission, if its covert you will need to think how to record, if you want quantitate data you need a pre-prepared grid.
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what are the advantages of observations?
you can see info with your own eyes so data should be accurate, you are less likely to be influenced, in participant you will see from their point of view
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what are the main ethical principles of social research
no one should suffer any harm, participants right to privacy and confidentiality should be protected, researchers should be honest and open about what they are doing
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how might you harm someone in sociolgical research?
emotionally, e.g by asking them insensitive questions. socially - e.g by damaging their reputation
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if a child is very young and cant give consent to be in their research, what do you do?
approach the individual who has legal respnosibility to look after them. this person is then known as the gatekeeper
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what is a disadvantage of non-participant observations?
you always remain an outsider, so how can you know what is really going on
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what is a disadvantage of participant observation?
it can be difficult to gain access to the group that you want and how are you going to record your findings - taking notes will be difficult, researchers find they become too involved and lose there objectivity this can cause bias restults
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what is the observer affect?
it is when people change their behavior with knowing or without knowing when they are being observed by a researcher
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what is content analysis?
this is a method used to study the content of the media
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what is an advantage and disadvantage of content analysis
it is cheap and easy method to use as the media is big, media is bias
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is a problem with simple random sampling?

Back

the random sample may not be representitive of the whole population - CAGE

Card 3

Front

what are three examples of Non- random sampling?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is a problem with snowball sampling?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is a good thing about systematic sampling

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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