Sociology lecture 8

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What is social facilitation?
With simple tasks people do better when others are around
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What is social inhibition?
With complex tasks people do worse in the presence of others
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What did Robert Zajanc (1965) say about people being present?
That people being present leads to arousal, this arousal makes a dominant response more likely and the one you are most likely to make.
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When is a dominant response good?
A dominant response is usually correct for simple well-learned tasks, however it is incorrect for complex tasks.
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What did the social facillitation study show?
Skilled people did better being observed than on their own, novice people did better on their own than being observed.
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What is the social facilitation diagram?
The presence of others individual efforts can be evaluated -> arousal -> Enhanced performance on simple tasks OR Impaired performance on complex tasks
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Why does social facilitation occur?
Evaluation apprehension (still an affect when people are blindfolded and cannot see you! But not as much when the audience is paying you full attention). Peoples presence, self-awareness (makes you more aware of yourself). Distraction/cognitive load
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What affect does social facilitation have on stereotypes?
It makes them more exaggerated as more cognitive resources are used up worrying about what other people will think.
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What is evaluation apprehension?
There is a stronger effect on peoples performance when the audience is watching.
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How does the mere presence of someone affect performance?
As even autistic individual's performance changes when others are around, they should not be affected by worrying about people being around showing the differences in performance arise for another reason.
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How does self-awareness affect performance?
Can lead to choking (messing something up which you are good at)
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How does distraction/cognitive load relate to social facilitation?
Social facilitation means people are distracted and not paying attention to what they are doing. Stereotypes are socially facilitated.
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What is social loafing
The idea that there is less evaluation apprehension (worry about people being around so perform worse), people are more relaxed. Do worse on simple tasks but better on complex ones.
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What is the social loading diagram?
Presence of others -> Individual efforts cannot be evaluated -> relaxation -> impaired performance on simple tasks OR enhanced performance on complex tasks
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What are the pratical implications of social facilitation?
When first revising it's best to do it on your own, if you are doing anything boring you turn it into a competition.
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What things can deindividuation lead to?
lessening of restraint, destruction, impulsive self-gratification
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What is deindividuation?
People are feeling less individual, being around a bunch of people
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What does deindividuation lead to?
Arousal (excitement, sense of something bigger than you is going on), diffisuion of responsibility (loss of self-awareness, sense of individual identity) , diminished inhibitions/self-regulations (people forget they are being evaluated, follow gnorm)
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What factors lead to deindividuation?
A big group size (people feel more anonymous, won't be prosecuted, everyone is doing it). Physical anonymity (cannot pick me out, hiding face
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What was the study on deindividuation?
trick or treating, kids came in groups or not, kids asked name and where they lived or not, giant bowl of candy went into other room and told kids to take 1. individual alone kids took the least, anonymous group kids took most
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What is wisdom of crowds?
Groups do better than individuals (various intellectual tasks, providing eyewitness accounts, brainstorming,
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What is group think?
When finding an agreement among people outweighs quality decision making
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What is the main goal in a group?
Making the best decision
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What are the other goals in a group?
Concern with being judged, not hurting feelings, avoiding blame if it goes wrong
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What are the symptoms of group think?
Social pressure to reach consensus, self-censorship, invulnerability
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What are the consequences of group think?
Superficial examination of drawbacks, examining few alternatives, no contingency plan
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How do you prevent group think?
Try to remain impartial, seek outside opinions, ask people for anonymous opinions, assign someone's to be a 'devil's advocate'
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What did stoner (1961) find about risky shift?
Gave people 12 choice dilemmas to make alone then in a group. 10/12 the group recommended riskier course of actions than people do on their own. Also people alone after group made an either rikser decision!
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What is group polarization?
Groups don't always shift to being more risky, sometimes they shift to being more conservative. The group shifts in the direction favoured by the majority.
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How does group polarisation happen?
When in a group people hear others persuasive arguments and if there are more people arguing for one thing people are more likely to agree. We also do social comparison, if other people are acting one way (risky), you want be more (riskier)
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What is another reason group polarisation happens?
People value risk taking
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is social inhibition?

Back

With complex tasks people do worse in the presence of others

Card 3

Front

What did Robert Zajanc (1965) say about people being present?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When is a dominant response good?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What did the social facillitation study show?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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