agreeing with a majority in order to gain approval
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Define internalisation
accepting the view of others
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Define identification
accepting to be associated with a group/ individual but privately don't agree
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How many participants were in ASCH's study
123 male US undergraduates
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What did they have to do in ASCH's study?
See if confed's could make real pp's conform to their answer when incorrect when comparing 3 lines to a standard line
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What were his findings?
33% conformity rate, 25% never conformed
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Evaluation points
Lacked population validity, cultural differences and experiment was seen to be 'child - like'. Also took place in a time in history where conformity rates were high.
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Factors that affect conformity
Group Size, Unanimity of the majority and the difficulty of the task
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What experiment was conducted for conformity to social roles?
Stanford Prison Exp
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Outline procedure and findings
Male volunteers assigned roles of prisoner or guard, prisoners were referred to as numbers by guards. Guards became increasingly aggressive causing the experiment to be stopped after 6 days.
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Evaluation of Stanford Prison Exp
Banuazizi and Monvahedi found demand characteristics in the situation (pp's guessed how they should respond). Lacks population validity, there was also lack of informed consent
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Situational Factors affecting obedience
Proximity, Location and the power of uniform
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A study on situational factors
MILGRAM (1963) made teachers give a series of increased voltage to a group of learners to test whether they would conform.
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Findings of Milgram's study
65% continued to the full 450 volts (maximum) all pp's continued to 300 volts
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Evaluation of Milgram's study
Ethical issues, internal validity (lack of realism in the study) and individual differences (men / women)
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What is agentic state and legitimacy of authority
Agentic shift, agent for carrying out another person's wishes. Legitimacy of authority, a person perceived to be in a position of control within a situation.
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Evaluation of both AS and LOA
AS - seen as cruel to human nature, a loss of an individuals personal control. LOA - seen as a way of justifying harm to others
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What does the Authoritarian Personality consist of
The 'F' scale, used by Adorno to find that people who score highly on the F scale tended to be raised by strict parents. Learning obedience through a process of learning and imitation
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Right wing authoritarianism
Conducted by Altemeyer, people possess three personality characteristics that predispose them to be obedient. > Conventialism >Authoritarian aggression >Authoritarian submission
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Evaluation of the F scale
Doesn't take cultural differenes into account, harsh parenting doesn't always produce prejudice individuals
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ELMS and MILGRAM
Selected 20 obedient and 20 defiant pp's. Asked to complete the F scale questionnaire. Asked open questions about childhood
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Findings
Little difference between obedient and defiant pp's. Although higher levels of authoritarianism was found in the pp's classed as obedient, they were also reported being less close with their fathers during childhood.
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Evaluation
F scale is subjective due to it being a questionnaire. Doesn't take education factors into account that less educated people were more authoritarian than others.
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Resistance to social support
Asch found that the presence of others enables an individual to resist conforming. Breaks the unanimity.
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Locus of control
INTERNAL LOC = greater independence and less reliant on others opinions. EXTERNAL LOC = more passive attitudes, greater acceptance of others influence
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Evaluation of social support
Real world application from ASCH's study.
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Evaluation of LOC
Positive correlation between external LOC and conformity. External LOC develops over time young american adolescents believed their fate was down to luck and powerful others.
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Minority Influence
To be effective, must be consistent, show commitment and be flexible.
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Study done by SERGE MOSCOVICI
Shown blue slides that varied in intensity and asked to judge the colour of each slide. Findings showed that consistent minority influenced the naive pp's to say green on over 8% of the trials.
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Evaluation of minority influence
SERGE MOSCIVICI - lacks ecological validity, lacked generalisability and was an aritificial task
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Social change through a minority
1. Draw attention to the issue 2. Cognitive conflict 3. Consistency of position 4. Augmentation Principle 5. Snowball effect
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Through a majority
Social norms intervention, although they haven't all led to social change and this change may be gradual. 'Most of Us' designed to reduce drinking and driving in young adults. Led to positive changes.
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