Social Change and Reform 1890-1990
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- Created by: Scarlett kear
- Created on: 11-03-24 10:58
Poverty and unemployment
. Upper, middle, skilled working class improved standard of living, food prices falling, some housing improvement.
. Urban growth:poor housing, low life expectancy, 11% London pupils suffered from malnutrition, 50% Boer War volunteers unfit to serve.
. Urban growth:poor housing, low life expectancy, 11% London pupils suffered from malnutrition, 50% Boer War volunteers unfit to serve.
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Poverty and unemployment
. regional variations: agricultural labourers, Dorset 14s per week.
. Help for poor: Poor Law, societies, charities like Salvation Army, trade unions, dosshouse.
. Unemployment: 12% workforce, Great Depression 1873-96, US/German competition on old industr
. Help for poor: Poor Law, societies, charities like Salvation Army, trade unions, dosshouse.
. Unemployment: 12% workforce, Great Depression 1873-96, US/German competition on old industr
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Government response
. Public Health Act 1975: improved sanitation
. Houses of working classes Act 1890, 1900: slum destruction, new buildings
. Education Acts: focus on elementary education
. Unemployed Workmen Act 1905: provide work for unemployed, failed because voluntary
. Houses of working classes Act 1890, 1900: slum destruction, new buildings
. Education Acts: focus on elementary education
. Unemployed Workmen Act 1905: provide work for unemployed, failed because voluntary
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Individualism v Collectivism
. Booth and Rowntree: third population living poverty; poverty line established 21s 8d first time.
. Fear Socialism: New Liberalism, fear of loosing votes to Labour in an age of growing democracy, introduced social reform to meet working class demands.
. Fear Socialism: New Liberalism, fear of loosing votes to Labour in an age of growing democracy, introduced social reform to meet working class demands.
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Individualism v Collectivism
. National Efficiency: feared economic/military effectiveness due to foreign economic competition.
. Humanitarianism: focused Impact of poverty on individuals and their families.
Royal Commission on the Poor Law 1905: debate reflected in commission's fail
. Humanitarianism: focused Impact of poverty on individuals and their families.
Royal Commission on the Poor Law 1905: debate reflected in commission's fail
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Liberal Reforms 1906-14
. New Liberalism released the need for social reform.
. reforms driven by David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill.
. reforms driven by David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill.
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Reform for Trade Unions
. Trade Disputes Act 1906- reverse Taff Vale decision, unions could now strike.
. Trade Unions Act 1913- reverse Osborne judgement so unions could pay money to Labour, could now strike, picket and play a part in politics.
. Trade Unions Act 1913- reverse Osborne judgement so unions could pay money to Labour, could now strike, picket and play a part in politics.
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Reforms for children
. Free School Meals 1906: before 1914 were permissive, and set a precedent for state intervention.
. Free Medical Inspection 1907: 75% LEAS provide medical inspection, and free treatments others couldn't afford.
. Children and Young Persons' Act 1908- inc
. Free Medical Inspection 1907: 75% LEAS provide medical inspection, and free treatments others couldn't afford.
. Children and Young Persons' Act 1908- inc
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Reforms for the elderly
. Old age pension: aim to overcome poverty in old age workhouse. non-contributory, financed by gov taxation.
. not universal, drunkards are not included.
. Hugely popular but only 5s a week after 70.
. seen as nationalising outdoor relief, transferring ca
. not universal, drunkards are not included.
. Hugely popular but only 5s a week after 70.
. seen as nationalising outdoor relief, transferring ca
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Reforms for working class
. Labour exchanges 1909: help find unemployed jobs by advertising job vacancies, In 1914 2 million signed jobs and exchanges found 3,000 jobs per day.
. Trade Board Act 1909: A measure from Churchill, dealt with low pay of 'sweated trades' setting a minim
. Trade Board Act 1909: A measure from Churchill, dealt with low pay of 'sweated trades' setting a minim
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National Insurance Act 1911
. Booth/Rowntree as a key cause of poverty.
. National Insurance only applied to workers in certain trades which suffered cyclical unemployment e.g. shipbuilding.
. Worker, employer, and state all contribute.
. Benefit = 7s per week for 15 weeks.
. National Insurance only applied to workers in certain trades which suffered cyclical unemployment e.g. shipbuilding.
. Worker, employer, and state all contribute.
. Benefit = 7s per week for 15 weeks.
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Lloyd George's people's budget 1909
. pay for old pensions because non-contributory had been paid for by increased taxation.
. House of Lords opposition = Parliament Act 1911.
. power finally passing to the Commons.
. Significant because it set a precedent for how future reforms could be fu
. House of Lords opposition = Parliament Act 1911.
. power finally passing to the Commons.
. Significant because it set a precedent for how future reforms could be fu
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tackle poverty and unemployment
. National Insurance was most significant as it was the first step in caring for the sick and unemployed.
. Together with welfare support for children, old age pensions, and employment legislation meant a significant safety net against poverty.
. Liberal
. Together with welfare support for children, old age pensions, and employment legislation meant a significant safety net against poverty.
. Liberal
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Created social service state
. minimum standards ensured by gov
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Welfare provision in 1918
. parties disagreed over the extent of welfare provision- new consensus after 1918.
. Welfare provision for the poor was still primarily based on the workhouse.
. old age pensions, unemployment and sickness benefits had been introduced to a limiting degre
. Welfare provision for the poor was still primarily based on the workhouse.
. old age pensions, unemployment and sickness benefits had been introduced to a limiting degre
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Development of retrenchment of welfare provision 1918-39
. 1920's saw significant reforms in social security provision e.g unemployment insurance.
. cover most workers for 15 weeks
. 1920-21 slump, support for 2 million.
. old traditional industries were in trouble, markets lost during WW1.
. cover most workers for 15 weeks
. 1920-21 slump, support for 2 million.
. old traditional industries were in trouble, markets lost during WW1.
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Old industries
. Coal, steel, iron, shipbuilding and textiles.
. focused in south Wales, North West and North East England, Glasgow, Belfast.
. foreign competition, high unemployment.
. focused in south Wales, North West and North East England, Glasgow, Belfast.
. foreign competition, high unemployment.
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Unemployment insurance Acts 1920-21
. fears of widespread poverty might led to revolution.
. popular desire to support ex-service men.
. popular desire to support ex-service men.
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The Geddes Axe 1921
. unemployment meant that government spending had to be cut.
. Lloyd George appointed Sir Eric Geddes
. cuts in health, welfare, education, housing budget reduced.
. Lloyd George appointed Sir Eric Geddes
. cuts in health, welfare, education, housing budget reduced.
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Return to the Gold Standard 1924
. Chancellor Winston Churchill thought a return to gold standard would restore confidence in sterling.
. currency was overvalued by 10%, British exports too expensive.
. trade diminished.
. currency was overvalued by 10%, British exports too expensive.
. trade diminished.
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Retrenchment in welfare provision in 1930's
. Great Depression- increased welfare demand, reduced tax as a result of unemployment, gov limited money.
. May Report- predicted £120 million deficit and proposed significant cuts to spending .
. Labour governments division over the May Report resulted i
. May Report- predicted £120 million deficit and proposed significant cuts to spending .
. Labour governments division over the May Report resulted i
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Means Test
. Unemployment Act of 1934 introduced Means Test.
. took all household income into consideration, was resented and unfair.
. people had to prove their property before any benefits were given.
. took all household income into consideration, was resented and unfair.
. people had to prove their property before any benefits were given.
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Hunger Marches
. National Hunger March 1932- 3,000 unemployed men from depressed areas walked to London to demand jobs.
. Jarrow Crusade 1936- shipbuilding in the town collapsed unemployment rates reached 70%.
. Jarrow Crusade 1936- shipbuilding in the town collapsed unemployment rates reached 70%.
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Falling unemployment
. 'cheap money', tariffs and Special Areas Act had some positive effects.
. 1934- some prosperity was returning particularly in areas with new industries dominated.
. prices fell.
.
. 1934- some prosperity was returning particularly in areas with new industries dominated.
. prices fell.
.
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New Industries
. Car, household consumer goods, electrical.
. focused in areas around Midlands and South East.
. focused in areas around Midlands and South East.
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Rowntree
. repeated study in York in 1936 finding only 3.9% in absolute poverty .
. revised his original poverty line up to 43s 6d for a family of 5 per week, 17.7% lived below poverty line.
. low wages= greatest cause of poverty.
. revised his original poverty line up to 43s 6d for a family of 5 per week, 17.7% lived below poverty line.
. low wages= greatest cause of poverty.
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Impact of WW2
. increased gov responsibility of welfare.
. evacuation, rationing .
. Beveridge Report 1942.
. evacuation, rationing .
. Beveridge Report 1942.
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Beveridge Report
. five 'giants': squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease.
. advocated universal benefits, rejected the means test.
. flat rate contributions from all wage earners to pay for comprehensive welfare benefits.
. advocated universal benefits, rejected the means test.
. flat rate contributions from all wage earners to pay for comprehensive welfare benefits.
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The work of the Labour Governments 1945-51
. widespread new provisions embraced social security, housing, education , housing and healthcare.
. created the idea that state would care 'from cradle to the grave'.
. created the idea that state would care 'from cradle to the grave'.
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The family Allowances Act 1945
. child benefit.
. paid to the mother giving them an independent income.
. paid to the mother giving them an independent income.
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The Butler Education Act 1944
. Universal secondary school education introduced.
. Selective system of education.
. Selective system of education.
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National Insurance Act 1946
. unemployment and sickness benefit.
. paid state pension to all men over 65 and women over 60.
. paid state pension to all men over 65 and women over 60.
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Industries injury Act 1946
. gave workers the right to be compensated for accidents in the workplace.
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National Assistance Act 1948
. Welfare benefits to those not covered by National Insurance.
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National Health Service Act 1948
. Free and comprehensive healthcare, hospital treatment.
. Funded by compulsory National Insurance.
. Funded by compulsory National Insurance.
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Significance of the creation of the Welfare State
. Mix of earlier liberal measures represent continuity.
. health care 'free at the point of delivery'.
. social democratic form of socialism.
. Labour nationalised 20% of the British economy partly to protect jobs in the old industries.
. Mixed economy= f
. health care 'free at the point of delivery'.
. social democratic form of socialism.
. Labour nationalised 20% of the British economy partly to protect jobs in the old industries.
. Mixed economy= f
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Welfare consensus 1951-64 under the conservatives
. agreed on no return to poverty of the pre-war period.
. wealthier classes had a moral responsibility to help provide for the poor.
. welfare cuts would be unpopular and loose the conservatives' votes.
. wealthier classes had a moral responsibility to help provide for the poor.
. welfare cuts would be unpopular and loose the conservatives' votes.
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Welfare Consensus 1951-64 under the conservatives
. 60s benefits were determined by the price of essential goods.
. 60s/70s Conservative and Labour gov decided to link payment to wages.
. departure from Beveridge's plan to keep benefits at subsistence levels.
. 60s/70s Conservative and Labour gov decided to link payment to wages.
. departure from Beveridge's plan to keep benefits at subsistence levels.
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Challenges to state Welfare provisions increase 1964-79
. influential.
. Increasing costs and the rise of the New Right.
. Reluctant to cut welfare spending.
. The National Insurance Act 1970- increasing child allowance providing rent subsidies and extending pension rights.
. Increasing costs and the rise of the New Right.
. Reluctant to cut welfare spending.
. The National Insurance Act 1970- increasing child allowance providing rent subsidies and extending pension rights.
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Challenges of State Welfare provision increase 1964-79
. New Right argued that social welfare, including unemployment benefits, trapped people in a culture of dependency.
. 1976 IMF loan, the Labour government had to cut the welfare budget.
. Conservative 1979 election campaign presented welfare as ' bad for
. 1976 IMF loan, the Labour government had to cut the welfare budget.
. Conservative 1979 election campaign presented welfare as ' bad for
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Changing attitudes 1970's
. Younger people were less inclined to agree with collective thinking.
. Criticised welfare claimants as 'scroungers' based on individual circumstances.
. 'Aspirational working class' were growing in number, little sympathy for policies that meant higher
. Criticised welfare claimants as 'scroungers' based on individual circumstances.
. 'Aspirational working class' were growing in number, little sympathy for policies that meant higher
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Thatcherism 1979-90
. Admired 'Victorian virtues' of self-help, low gov spending and free trade.
. Wanted to roll back the powers of the state.
. Gov's top priority, not unemployment but getting inflation down.
. Welfare benefits= poverty trap
. 5% cut on various benefits.
. Wanted to roll back the powers of the state.
. Gov's top priority, not unemployment but getting inflation down.
. Welfare benefits= poverty trap
. 5% cut on various benefits.
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Thatcher and unemployment
. Manufacturing industries were decimated and that collapse resulted in unemployment- 1.3 million, in 1979, and 3 million by 1982.
. Levels last seen during the Great Depression.
. Levels last seen during the Great Depression.
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Thatcher and poverty
. In 1979 the top 20% had 37% of all income after tax, but in 1988 they had 44%.
. partly down to tax cuts aimed at stimulating economic growth, while indirect tax rose.
. More homelessness and emergence of a large 'underclass' alienated from society.
. partly down to tax cuts aimed at stimulating economic growth, while indirect tax rose.
. More homelessness and emergence of a large 'underclass' alienated from society.
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Thatcher and social division
. Riots of 1981-85 reflected social division.
. Caused by poverty and unemployment.
. Caused by poverty and unemployment.
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The good of Thatcher
. Spent more on the NHS than any previous GOV.
. social security rose 60%.
. Encouraged 'enterprise culture' and wages increased.
. Trade union power decreased after miners strike.
. 'Right to buy' reward aspirational working class
. social security rose 60%.
. Encouraged 'enterprise culture' and wages increased.
. Trade union power decreased after miners strike.
. 'Right to buy' reward aspirational working class
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Laissez-faire
. self-help
. you are to blame for poor morals if poor/unemployed
. punishment= poor law/workhouse
. popular attitude in late-victorian
. you are to blame for poor morals if poor/unemployed
. punishment= poor law/workhouse
. popular attitude in late-victorian
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Charities
. Largely independent of gov
. based on religious and humanitarian concern
. e.g Salvation Army
. based on religious and humanitarian concern
. e.g Salvation Army
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Self-help
. communities work together to alleviate suffering.
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Liberal Reform
. 1906-14
. state had some responsibility for reasons on national efficiency and greater understanding causes of poverty aren't the fault of the poor, but individuals also had responsibilities e.g contribute to national insurance, no pension if undeservin
. state had some responsibility for reasons on national efficiency and greater understanding causes of poverty aren't the fault of the poor, but individuals also had responsibilities e.g contribute to national insurance, no pension if undeservin
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Socialism
. Social democratic form- practiced by the Labour Party, responsible for universal welfare
. Liberal and Socialist approaches used on taxation to redistribute wealth
. state welfare= solution to poverty
. Liberal and Socialist approaches used on taxation to redistribute wealth
. state welfare= solution to poverty
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Thatcherism
. Welfare is not the solution=dependancy culture
. need to cut welfare to encourage self-help
. need to cut welfare to encourage self-help
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then vs now
poverty
poverty
. perception of poverty changed throughout the period
. want largely disappeared and many now use different measures e.g comparative poverty= bottom %
. 'poor' in 1990 were better off because of the welfare state
. want largely disappeared and many now use different measures e.g comparative poverty= bottom %
. 'poor' in 1990 were better off because of the welfare state
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positives of late Victorian 1890-1900 health
. rising living standards= fallen death rate
. bread and meat halved by 1900
. Gov intervention prevented food/drink adulteration
. Public Health Acts reduced disease
. 6-7 million people had health insurance through friendly societies, poor couldn't affo
. bread and meat halved by 1900
. Gov intervention prevented food/drink adulteration
. Public Health Acts reduced disease
. 6-7 million people had health insurance through friendly societies, poor couldn't affo
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Negatives of late Victorian 1890-1990 health
. Overcrowded insanitary slum conditions
. 11% of London elementary schools malnutrition
. 50% of Boer war volunteers unfit
. 1880s 142/1000 babies died before 1st birthday risen to 154 by 1890
. 11% of London elementary schools malnutrition
. 50% of Boer war volunteers unfit
. 1880s 142/1000 babies died before 1st birthday risen to 154 by 1890
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changing attitudes on late Victorian health
. healthier working class=more productive= better to compete with USA/Germany
. Boer War demonstrated the physical weakness of the working class
. New Liberals, change from Laissez-faire view of the old Gladstonian Liberal Party
. Boer War demonstrated the physical weakness of the working class
. New Liberals, change from Laissez-faire view of the old Gladstonian Liberal Party
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Liberal Reforms 1906-14
. Free School Meals 1906- 1914 14 million free school meals provided by LEAs, significant because it set increased state control over family responsibility
. Free Medical Inspections 1907- increase state influence in health of future generations, 1914 3/4
. Free Medical Inspections 1907- increase state influence in health of future generations, 1914 3/4
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National Insurance Act- Health
. Workers contributed 4d, employer 3d, state 2d per week
. Worker= 10s a week sick pay for 13 weeks of medical care/medicines/maternity grant of 30s
. 1913- 13 million out of 45 insured and had a safety net established
. Worker= 10s a week sick pay for 13 weeks of medical care/medicines/maternity grant of 30s
. 1913- 13 million out of 45 insured and had a safety net established
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National Insurance Act controversy
. Workers resented having to pay and a flat rate hit the poorest the hardest, workers regarded it as a pay cut, doctors feared they'd loose their independence and it only covered workers from the age of 16-60
. Introduced the principle and practice of sta
. Introduced the principle and practice of sta
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Health care provision 1918-29
. 1919- new Ministry of Health responsible for coordinating health at a regional level and administrating the funds raised by the National Health Insurance scheme
.
.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Poverty and unemployment
Back
. regional variations: agricultural labourers, Dorset 14s per week.
. Help for poor: Poor Law, societies, charities like Salvation Army, trade unions, dosshouse.
. Unemployment: 12% workforce, Great Depression 1873-96, US/German competition on old industr
. Help for poor: Poor Law, societies, charities like Salvation Army, trade unions, dosshouse.
. Unemployment: 12% workforce, Great Depression 1873-96, US/German competition on old industr
Card 3
Front
Government response
Back
Card 4
Front
Individualism v Collectivism
Back
Card 5
Front
Individualism v Collectivism
Back
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