History- Theme 1, the struggles for Civil Rights c.1890-1990

?
the 13th amendment
ended slavery
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14th amendment
citizens rights-> cruickshank
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15th amendment
voting rights->grandfather clause
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who was Booker T Washington?
!1865- 1915. !Born on a plantation but got his education !Attended Homerton on a scholarship. !Founded Tuskegee institute placing emphasis on practical workplace skills. !First BA invited in to the White House.
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Booker T Washinton's approach to CR M
!Didin't believe in fighting for equality !Thought black people should work with the system not against it. !Was willing to compromise Black political power for black economic development
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who was W.E.B DuBois?
!1868-1963. !born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts !first BA to get a PhD from Harvard uni. !Taught at Atlanta uni. !1961, moved to Ghana after being inspired by communism
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DuBois approach to activism
!aided the NAACP' magazine !1945 published the "The *****", first book o the History of African Americans !1905 founded the Niagara movement
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who was Marcus Garvey?
!1887-1940 !Jamaican !believed in black nationalism !Convicted of fraud and was eventually deported from the USA
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Garvey's activism
!Founded the UNIA !Foundation of Black Power !He wanted BAs to reject American Society !Scarred white Americans
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What is dejure segregation?
Legal and political segregation, Jim Crow laws
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What is defacto segregation?
Social segregation, more organic and engrained within culture
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The Great Migration, 1916-1970
The Great Migration, sometimes known as the Great Northward Migration or the Black Migration, was the movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban
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WW1's effect on BAs
African Americans preformed very well (92nd and 93rd divisions), was an opportunity for black people to assert their citizenship, but army was still segregated, racism still prevalent.
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What did DuBois say after WW1?
"We return, we return from fighting. We return fighting."
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Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s. At the time, it was known as the "New ***** Movement".
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Tulsa, Black Wall Street
for a period there was an eruption of black wealth, however, in the summer of 1921 there were terrible race riots targeted at the Greenwood district. It has been described as "the single worst incident of racial violence in American history."
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The Great Depression
last hired, first fired. A time in American history after the Wall Street Crash where it suffered an economic depression
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NAACP est.1909
Black activist group that used legal challenges in the courts to overturn discrimination.
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CORE est.1910
founded by James Farmer, supported the non-violent political protest proposed by Ghandi.
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First African American to win an Oscar
Hattie McDaniel, 'Gone with the wind', 1939
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First African American to play Major League Baseball
Jackie Robinson, Brooklyn Dodgers, 1947
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Throughout ww2...
Black Americans were allowed to fight but segregated armies remained intact, black nurses could only treat black soldiers.
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Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially
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Did Dwight Eisenhower help LR9?
Yes, military involvement- victory for CRM
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Montgomery Bus Boycotts
The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. It was a seminal event in the civil rights movement.
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Martin Luther King
Baptist minister who became very involved un the CRM, organised the march on Washington 1963, created SCLC 1957.
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Policies of Wilson (1913-1921)
!Allowed Jim Crown to flourish !Encouraged official segregation !supported the kkk !drafted hundreds of BAs into the army but kept them segregated and didn't pay them the same as their white counterparts
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Policies of Roosevelt (1933-1945)
!AA new deal- 30% of BAs on relief !personally denounced lynching but never banned it !1941 signed an order forbidding racial discrimination in employing defence workers
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Policies of Truman (1945-1953)
!created Presidents' committee on Civil rights !1948 executive order desegregating the army and nay !created civil rights division within justice department
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Policies of Eisenhower (1953-1961)
!Decided Linda Brown case !intervened at Little Rock (only because he had to) !Civil Rights Act 1957 passed under him- gave black voters protection
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Policies of Kennedy (1961-1963)
!1962- executive order to ban racial discrimination in governmental factions !Intervened at Birmingham 1963 !Set the foundations for the Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Policies of Johnson (1963-1969)
!Civil Rights Act signed under him- banned segregation in public areas (e.g. restaurants, hotels...) !Voting Rights Act 1965 signed
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Policies of Nixon (1969-1974)
!Equal opportunities Act 1972- helped reduce black poverty rates from 87%-30% !Introduced assistance programs to aid BAs in entrepeneurship
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Policies of Reagan (1981-1989)
!tried to resist affirmative action !Cut welfare care- huge effect on the black population !1988 tried to veto the Civil Rights Restoration Act
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Policies of Bush (1989-1992)
!1990 vetoed a Civil Rights Bill because he opposed affirmative action !1991, appointed Clarence Thomas as a Supreme Court judge, he was a black conservative
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The Black Power Movement
The Black Power Movement. The Black Power Movement of the 1960s and 1970s was a political and social movement whose advocates believed in racial pride, self-sufficiency, and equality for all people of Black and African descent.
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Malcom X
During the civil rights movement, Malcolm X served as the public face of the controversial group for a dozen years, where he advocated for black supremacy, the separation of black and white Americans, and rejected the notion of the civil rights movem
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Lunch counter sit ins 1960-1961
Black students organised sit ins in white only refreshment bars, this sparked and more and more people joined in. By the end of 1961 810 towns had desegregated facilities
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Birmingham Riot 1963
Protest led by SCLC, local police over reacted and violence was captured by the media. MLK was arrested. This is heavily linked to the Children's Crusade
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March on Washington 1963
held in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans.
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LA Riots 1991
after the acquittal of the police officers which savagely beat Rodney King, race rios flared up all over LA over 50 people were killed and 2000 injured
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Missisippi 1955
After Emmet Till was beaten and dismembered, his mother asked for his body to be sent back to Chicago where they held an open casket funeral, 'Jet' an African American magazine caught wind of this and published it. The two accused were acquitted
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SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Council, MLK was president, didn't have members more organised events (e.g. Birmingham)
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SNCC
Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee, supported the lunch counter sit ins
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Nation of Islam
founded by Wallace Fard 1930, led by Malcom X- they were supporters of Black Power
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Black Panthers 1966
led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, very militant (had uniforms, berets, dark sunglasses) They would defend themselves against police brutality. Influenced by Malcom X
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what was Plessey Vs. Ferguson 1896?
was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal"
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******* Vs. Board of Education 1899
Separate but equal was extended to schools
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Brown Vs. Board of Education (1954)
a culmination of cases brought to attention by the NAACP, granted integration of black children in white schools. heavily opposed
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Green Vs. Connally 1970
Federal funding was stopped for institutions that discriminated
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Griggs Vs. Duke Power Company 1971
intelligence tests and diploma requirements deemed unconstituitional due to educational discrimination of African Americans
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Card 2

Front

14th amendment

Back

citizens rights-> cruickshank

Card 3

Front

15th amendment

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

who was Booker T Washington?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Booker T Washinton's approach to CR M

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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