Soc L1

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  • Created by: freya_bc
  • Created on: 01-01-17 12:54
What are the 3 components of attitudes?
Affective (feelings), cognitive (beliefs), behavioural (overt actions/verbal statements concerning behaviour)
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Explain mere exposure effect Zajonc (68) as a source of attitudes
Repeated exposure of stim causes enhancement of preference for stim. Reduces indifference
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A flaw of mere exposure effect
repeat exposure- decreases again after 10 exposures (Bornstein 89)
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Explain classical conditioning as a source of attitudes
CS etc, advertisers show nice beach with a product to form positive attitude paring
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Instrumental conditioning as a source of attitudes
behaviour followed by positive consequences rein, more likely repeated
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Self perception theory (Bem 72) as a source of attitudes
gain knowledge by making self attributions e.g. walk a lot so know they like walking
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Describe 1 of Katz (60) attitude functions
Knowledge function- organise and predict social world, provide sense of meaning/coherence on different info- attitude saves cog energy as dont have to work out from scratch how they will react
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Describe another of Katz(60) attitude functions
Utilitarian function- help people behave socially acceptable so positive outcome in situ/social approval
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Describe a third of Katz (60) attitude functions
Ego defensive- protect SE e.g. protection from threatening truth, keep positive view of self
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Describe the fourth and final attitude function provided by Katz (60)
Value expression - facilitate expression of core values and self-concept e.g. psych degree because liking helping people
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List the 4 methods in which attitudes are revealed
Self-report, experimental paradigms (implicit associations task), physiological measures, overt behaviour
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Describe the La Piere study (34)
Responses didnt reflect attitudes. Chinese couple, restaurant and served. 6 mo later qaire staff said would not serve. Specificity- just this couple or all chinese people in general. Time: closer to time yields stronger correlation.
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What did la Piere (34) conclude?
Attitudes depend on accessibility and strength: information direct experience - strong attitudes more likely to influence behaviour
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What did Wicker (69) state about the attitude- behaviour relationship?
.15 weakly correlated
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What did Gregson and Stacy (81) conclude about the attitude-behaviour relationship?
small +ve correl between attitudes and alcohol consumption
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What other variables can influence attitude-behaviour relationship?
1. Moderator variables- I.Ds situations/age/social variables/habit. 2. Strong indirect attitude behaviour relationships e.g. through intentions
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Describe the theory of planned behaviour
Predicting behaviour from attitude measure is improved if people believe they have control over that power. Want an A (attitude) the grade people want them to achieve (subjective norm), prediction would be unreliable if effort not put in
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What are the key areas in the theory of planned behaviour
attitude towards behaviour, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, intention, behaviour
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Who proposed the theory of planned behaviour?
Azjen (87)
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How does perceived behavioural control impact upon TPB?
not easy to change behaviour e.g. smoking, despite what others think (subjective norm) might not be able to do it even if it is healthier
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Armitage and Conner (01)
185 TPB studies, TPB accounted for 27% of changes in behaviour and 39% of intentions
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Define attitude change
Persuasion involving the communicator, the medium used and characteristics of the audience. OR someone who can perform an act that counters the existing attitude
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How does cognitive dissonance explain how we can change attitudes?
unpleasant psych tension generated when two cognitions are inconsistent
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What is a counter-attitudinal behaviour in related to cognitive dissonance?
feeling discomfort/dissonance so motivated to reduce tension by changing inconsistent cognitions
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Who proposed the cognitie dissonance theory of attitude change?
Festinger (57)
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Who derived the Dual route model/elaboration likelihood model ?
Petty and Cacioppo (97)
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Explain the central route in the elaboration likelihood model
message is followed closely so exert considerable cog effort- (analytically motivated, high effort, enduring, consider counter arguments)
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Explain the peripheral route in the elaboration likelihood model
arguments not well attended to, peripheral cues, attraction rather than formation, low effort, temporary
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Describe Heider's (58) balance theory?
prefer attitudes that are consistent/balanced. Person (p) tires to maintain consistency with others (o) and envi (x). Triad is consistent if predicts interpersonal relationships
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How many possible balances/imbalances are there?
4 of each
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What is the heuristic-systematic model? what are the two types of processing?
Systematic processing- careful, deliberate scanning/processing available info . Heuristic processing- cog shortcuts and truisms such as statistics don't lie. Medium message comes in alters likelihood of persuasion
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Name the differences in the mediums to present a message and the expected outcome according to the heuristic-systematic model
message- video, complex- written needs time to dwell on
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List 3 well-known techniques for persuasion
foot-in-the-door technique, door-in-the-face technique, low-ball technique
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Explain mere exposure effect Zajonc (68) as a source of attitudes

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Repeated exposure of stim causes enhancement of preference for stim. Reduces indifference

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A flaw of mere exposure effect

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Explain classical conditioning as a source of attitudes

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Instrumental conditioning as a source of attitudes

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