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1. what's the relations of the rectum
- post. s5 , inf. internal anal sphincter
- post. s3 , inf. levator ani
- post. s4 , inf. external anal sphincter
- post. s2 , inf. elevator ani
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2. what are haemorrhoids
- dilated/varicose veins -> engorged venous plexus = v. painful if prolapse or occurring bellow pectineal line
- dilated/varicose veins -> engorged venous plexus = v. painful if prolapse or occurring above pectineal line
- infection or inflammation of diverculum in rectum
- out pouching of mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses in the muscle layers of the rectum where undigested food and faeces can accumulate
- out pouching of muscle through weaknesses in the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum where undigested food and faeces can accumulate
3. what is the function of the puborenalis muscle
- cones around the internal sphincter
- wraps around the rectum to stop the flow of faeces
- expands to accommodate faeces
- continence, forms the pelvic diaphragm
4. what is the function of the Levi ani muscle
- continence, forms the pelvic diaphragm
- wraps around the rectum to stop the flow of faeces
- expands to accommodate faeces
- cones around the internal sphincter
5. what are the relations of the ascending colon
- inf. jejunocolic junction and caecum, sup. hepatic flexure and right paracolic gutter, ant. peritoneum (2ndary retroperitoneal),
- inf. ileocolic junction and caecum, sup. hepatic flexure and right paracolic gutter, ant. peritoneum (2ndary retroperitoneal)
- inf. ileocolic junction and caecum, sup. hepatic flexure, ant. peritoneum (2ndary retroperitoneal), lat. right paracolic gutter
- inf. ileocolic junction and caecum, sup. renal flexure, ant. peritoneum (2ndary retroperitoneal), lat. right paracolic gutter
- inf. jejunocolic junction and caecum, sup. renal flexure, ant. peritoneum (2ndary retroperitoneal), lat. right paracolic gutter
- inf. jejunocolic junction and caecum, sup. hepatic flexure, ant. peritoneum (2ndary retroperitoneal), lat. right paracolic gutter
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