hairs trap bacteria and dust, filters and warms air
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nasopharynx main function
warms air, adenoids as kymphnoid tissue, eustachain tube to equalise air pressure
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pharynx funtion
tonsils as lymphnoid tissue, air and food passage
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larynx function
vocal chords, connects to trachae
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lower respitory tract features
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, aveoli
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trachae main function
air passage ensured by cartilige and smooth muscle
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bronchi main function
2 branches off trachae, cilliated cells which secrete mucas and saline
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bronchiles main function and structure
mains smooth muscle, controlled by autonomic ns- m3 recptor for bronchoconstriction. b2 for bronchodilation
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what tpe of cells secrete mucas
goblet
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describe steps of saline secretion (5)
1. nkc brings chloride ions into epiyheal cellsfrom ecf 2. tansport of na and k to maintain balance for the 2 cl- that enter 3.cftr ion chanel allows cl- to enter lumen 4. na+ travels by paracellular pathway to lumen attracted by cl-. 5. nacl creates conc
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structurre of hb
4 polypeptide chains. 4 fe+. each fe+ carries an o2. 4 o2 carried per molecule
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at high po2 whats hbs affinity and vise versa
high and low
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what effect does a small drop in po2 have on hb affinity
little to none
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what does a shift to left of the curve mean? what conditions may this happen
means increased affinity. decreased temp, decreased co2, increased pH
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what does shift to right of the curve mean? what conditions may this occur
decreased affinity. happens at high temp, increased co2, and low pH
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desribe c02 transport
low affibity for hb. binds to water in rbc to produce carbonic acid. disociates using enzyme carbonic anhydrase to h+ and HCO-3 (bicarbobate). transport of cl- in and out of rbc to control charge. mainkly transported in plasma as hco-3
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mechanism of breathing (inspiration)
external intercostal muscles cause lungs to move out. diaphram moves down, volume increases
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what is tidal volume
normal insp and exsp
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inspiratory/ expsiratory reserve
air inhaled/exhaled on top of tidal eg max out
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residual volume
additona volume which cannot be exhale casue lungs dont fully collapse
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vital volume
insp reserve and exp reserve
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2 methods for testing lung function-explain
spirometry-measures forced lung capaity and forced expitory volume per second and peak flow- how fast air can be expelled
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
nose main funtion
Back
hairs trap bacteria and dust, filters and warms air
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