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  • Created by: Chloe.LJ
  • Created on: 22-01-17 14:21
Bossard (1932)
Proximity: Looked at 5000 marriage licences in Philadelphia. He found that there was a tendency for those getting married to live close to each other.
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Moreland and Beach (1992)
Proximity: Four women attended lectures at college, sat quietly and didn't interact with any of the women students. Found that students rated familiar women as more interesting, warm, and attractive, that those who had attended no lectures.
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Zajonc (1968)
Proximity: For 2 months there was a ********* bag attending class at Oregon State University. Only feet showing. Students' attitudes changed from initial hostility to curiosity and finally friendship with the bag, because he was familiar to them.
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Newcomb (1961)
Attidude Similarity: All male students, paid. Obtained information about their beliefs and attitudes, paired them up. Friendships were more likely to develop between those who shared similar beliefs (58%).
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Kendal (1978)
Demographic: Asked students in secondary school to identify their best friend among the other students. These best friends tended to be of the same age, religion, sex, social class and ethnic background as the friends that nominated them.
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Winch (1958)
Personality: Opposites attract. Claimed that married couples will be happy if they have complementary needs. Couples that were different in personality were happier than those that were similar.
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Burgess and Wallin (1953)
Personality: Obtained detailed information from 1000 engaged couples, including information about 42 persolity characteristics. They found no evidence in favour of the notion that opposites attract - similarity of personality is important
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Cunningham (1986)
Women should have big eyes, a small nose, high cheekbones. Men should have square jaws, small eyes, small lips. Women = look young (fertile). Men = look masculine (protection).
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Brigham (1971)
The Halo Effect: the tendency for one outstanding trait to unduly influence an overall impression.
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Buss (1989)
10,000 people, 37 different cultures. Women > men desired a mate with 'good financial prospects'. Men were more interested in physical attractiveness, and younger mates. Both sexes look for intelligence, kindness, and dependability.
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Darwin (1874)
Intrasexual selection: mate competition & Intersexual selection: mate choice
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Buss (2007)
The less time a man permits to elapse before he has sexual intercourse with a women, the larger the number of women he can impregnate in a given time. Women would have one baby in a year, men can have many.
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Buss and Schmitt (1993)
Men lower their standards in the context of short-term mating opportunities, with a decrease in attraction following the sex.
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Buss (2003)
Women are biologically heavily invested in their offspring, so are particularly choosy when it comes to mates. Look for males who can invest resources, physically able to protect the family, show promise as a good parent, are sufficiently compatible.
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Buss (1989)
Marriage study, looked at 29 different cultures. Men typically do choose younger women. Mmen who divorce who remarry tend to marry women who are increasingly younger than they are.
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Greiling and Buss (2000)
Mate switching: short term relationships have benefits for women too, such as letting them leave a poor-quality relationship, or producing more genetically diverse offspring.
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Penton-Voak et al (1999)
Female mate choice varies across the menstrual cycle. Women choose a more feminine man for a long-term relationship, but more masculine for short-term, during the high conception risk phase.
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Kenrick et al (1996)
Teenage males are most attracted to women who are five years older than them.
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Clarke and Hatfield (1989)
College students. 0% of women agreed to have sex with the male questioner, 75% of males agreed to have sex with the female questioner. Subsequent studies have replicated these results.
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Miller et al (2007)
Tips earned by lap dancers at varying stages of their menstrual cycle: the fertile oestrus phase would earn you almost twice the value of tips to the other girls who weren't in that phase.
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Buller (2005)
Majority of studies use female undergraduate students - who would achieve high educational status - so have high expectations of their partners *matching hypothesis*
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Thiessen et al (1993)
looked at personal ads in a newspaper: males were offering more than women, but women were looking for more...high temporal validity as they mirror our own results!
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Nettle and Clegg (2006)
Found that males in the creative professions tended to have significantly more sexual partners e.g. Picasso - married twice, had multiple affairs until he died.
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Cartwright (2001)
Male have a lower arousal threshold than females; some male frog species will mate with anything that vaguely resembles a female frog. Allows them to maximise the chances of passing on their genes.
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Ridley (1993)
"People are attracted to people of high reproductive and genetic potential - the healthy, the fit, and the powerful."
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Langlois and Roggman (1990)
Computer composite pictures - the more faces incorporated in each image, the more symmetrical and attractive they became.
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Cartwritght (2000)
Symmetrical faces are preferred as symmetry equate with fitness (the egg split perfectly in the womb).
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Perret et al (1999)
Found the same pattern of results for European and Japanese faces regardless of which culture the judges came from - universal agreement that symmetry is attractive.
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Cartwright (2000)
Males and females with near perfect body symmetry report two or three times more sexual partners than those with the most asymmetrical bodies. *other factors may have influenced this e.g. confidence, age etc.
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Singh (1993)
Waist-to-Hip-Ratio: optimum value of 0.7, based on data from beauty contest winners and ******* centerfolds from 50 years.
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Dixon (2006)
Cross-culture replication of waist-to-hip-ratio, found that a universal preference is for 0.8, not 0.7.
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Buss (1993)
Men are fearful of partners being sexually unfaithful, females worry about emotional unfaithfulness.
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Zahvi (1975)
Handicap hypothesis: believes females select males with handicaps as it shows ability to thrive in spite of this. May explain why males who drink/take drugs in large amounts are more attractive as they are able to handle toxins = genetic fitness.
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Kerchoff and Davis (1962)
Filter theory: Proximity, demographic, similar attitudes and complementary of emotion needs.
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Kerchoff and Davis (1962)
Tested their model on student couples who were together for 18 months. Found that attitude similarity was the most important factor in the first 18 months, then emotional compatibility because more important.
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Altman and Taylor (1973)
Self disclosure: onion analogy...the gradual process of revealing your inner self to someone else, giving away your deepest thoughts and feelings. Breadth and depth.
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Altman and Taylor (1973)
Factors affecting self disclosure: Appropriateness, attributes, and content of the disclosure & gender differences.
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Collins and Miller (1994)
Meta-analysis found that individuals who give intimate self-disclosure are more attractive than those who give less-intimate self disclosures, and that people disclose more to those they are attracted to.
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Ajzen (1977)
Self disclosure is more a product of information processing, where liking someone comes from having positive perceptions of them. Therefore people who disclose personal information are seen favourably as likeable, trustworthy, and kind.
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Tang et al (2013)
Concluded that people in the USA self-disclose considerably more sexual thoughts and feelings than people in China.
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Walster et al (1966)
Computer dance study. Found that people reacted more positively to physically attractive dance partners and were more likely to arrange further dates with them. Pairing had been done randomly.
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Walster (1969)
Computer dance study follow-up. Participants were allowed to mix before the event. Participants paired up with people who were perceived by the researchers to be of a similar level of attractiveness had a successful evening, supporting the MH.
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Shackelford and Lorsen (1997)
Found that people with symmetrical faces are rated as more attractive.
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MmcNulty et al (2008)
The initial attractiveness that brought the partners together continued to be an important feature of the relationship, even after marraige.
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Dion et al (1972)
"What is beautiful is good" - physically attractive people would be rated as kind, caring, strong, sociable and successful compared to unnattractive people.
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Elaine Walster et al (1966)
Choose a romantic partner of a similar physical attractiveness as yourself as it removes chances of rejection.
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Wheeler and Kim (1997)
Found that Korean and American students judged physically attractive people to be more trustworthy, concerned for other people, mature, and friendly.
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Taylor et al (2001)
Studied the activity logs of popular online dating site. Online daters sought meetings with potential partners who were of a similar attractiveness to themselves.
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Thibaut and Kelly (1959)
Social Exchange Theory: rewards - costs = outcome of the relationship
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Thibaut and Kelly (1959)
Stages a long term relationship goes through: sampling, bargaining, commitment, and institutionalization.
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Thibaut and Kelly (1959)
Comparison level - a standard against which all other relationships are judged. A product of our experiences *internal working model*
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Thibaut and Kelly (1959)
Comparison level for alternatives - when a person weighs up a potential increase in rewards from a different partner, minus any costs associated with ending the current relationship. New relationship will occur if profit is higher than currently.
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Rusbult (1983)
She incoroporated an addition element to the SET - commitment to a relationship does not just depend on the outcomes and alternatives, but the amount of investment that has already been made.
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Simpson et al (1990)
Asked participants to rate members of the opposite sex in terms of attractiveness. Those in a relationship gave lower ratings than those who were not dating.
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Pennington (1986)
The SET doesn't state how great the disparity in CL has to be before it is considered unsatisfactory...the model is too vague.
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Hatfield (1979)
Looked at people who felt over or under-satisfied. The under-benefited felt angry and deprived, the over-benefited felt guilty and uncomfortable.
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Rusbult and Martz (1995)
Found that women who had been physically assaulted by their partners and in a refuge were likely to return to partners as they had no better alternative.
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Rusbult et al (2011)
Commitment depends on three factors: satisfaction level, comparison with alternatives, and investment size.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Proximity: Four women attended lectures at college, sat quietly and didn't interact with any of the women students. Found that students rated familiar women as more interesting, warm, and attractive, that those who had attended no lectures.

Back

Moreland and Beach (1992)

Card 3

Front

Proximity: For 2 months there was a ********* bag attending class at Oregon State University. Only feet showing. Students' attitudes changed from initial hostility to curiosity and finally friendship with the bag, because he was familiar to them.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Attidude Similarity: All male students, paid. Obtained information about their beliefs and attitudes, paired them up. Friendships were more likely to develop between those who shared similar beliefs (58%).

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Demographic: Asked students in secondary school to identify their best friend among the other students. These best friends tended to be of the same age, religion, sex, social class and ethnic background as the friends that nominated them.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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