Total number of individuals about which an inference is made
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Define a statistical SAMPLE
a subset of individuals from a statistical population
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Define VARIABLE
a property observed for each individual
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what are DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS? give examples:
numbers or names used to summarize a sample. (mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviations and outliers) these look at the WHOLE POPULATION
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what are INFERENTIAL STATISTICS?
these look at a SUBSET of the population allowing you to make an inference about the whole poulation, conslusions to be drawn and hypothesis to be tested
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define FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
Number of times different values occur in a sample
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define NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
bell shaped curve 95% of the area falls within two standard deviations
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what do PARAMETRIC STATISTICS require? what do they include?
a normal distribution and similar variance. (T-Tests, ANOVA, regression and correlation)
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what are NON PARAMETRIC STATISTICS? what do they include?
they are distribution free (chi-squared, frequency analysis and genetic frequencies)
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define RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
an informed prediction regarding an outcome
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define NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0)
a statement where there is no pattern in data
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define ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS
reverse statement from null hypothesis
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what is a STANDARD CRITIAL VALUE? what do you compare it too?
this is the alpha value, usually 0.05 in science. It means that you are willing to accepts that thre is a (5%) chance of rejecting the null hyothesis when infact it is true. You compare it to the P value whihc is determined form observation
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what do you do when P < alpha?
reject the null hypothesis, results are significant
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what do yo do when P > alpha?
accept (fail to reject) the null hypothesis, results are not significant
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