Statistics: refers to collections of quantitative information, and methods of handling data,
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- Created on: 19-02-14 22:55
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- Introduction to research and analytical skills and experimental design
- Dependent vs Independent
- Independent variable: this is the factor that can be changed.
- Dependent variable: The factor that consequently changes.
- Experiment is an investigation of the relationship between two things by deliberately producing a change in the other.
- Two types of experiments
- 1) OBSERVATIONAL
- Experimental conditionsare NOT manipulated
- One or more responses measured and correlated with one or more 'environmental' measurements.
- This type of experiment is realistic as it is 'natural' and not manipulated. A good general experiment unlike manipulative experiments.
- 2) MANIPULATIVE
- Experimental conditions are manipulated and controlled to investigate cause and effect relationship.
- This approach allows relationships to be deduced.
- Manipulative experiment has excelled control of independent variables and good deduction ability unlike observation experiments.
- 1) OBSERVATIONAL
- Research hypothesis
- Null hypothesis (Ho)- represents a theory that has been put forward 1) because it believed to be true or; 2) because it is used as a bsis for argument but has not been proved.
- Research Hypothesis
- Null Hypothesis
- This hypothesis assumes the two sample means drawn from two populations are the same. Even though the means are different
- Alternative hypothesis
- This hypothesises simply the differences.
- Repititions
- How many observations need to be made to ensure that the results collected are valid.
- eg: sample size
- The term replication means that a sample should normally consist of more than one sampling unit
- The greater the variation in data, more data required to produce a value in confidence.
- The reliability of a sample average depends on the variation of data.
- Null Hypothesis
- Randomisation
- The process by which experimental units are allocated to treatments: by random process therefore no biased approach.
- The treatments should be allocated in such a way that each treatment is equallylikely to be applied to each unit.
- Randomised block design-this can be used as random sampling cannot be easily achieved. It isn't possible to sample a whole population evenly.
- 1: Divide the population into different groups.2: take sample from all the different groups.
- Dependent vs Independent
- Two types of experiments
- 1) OBSERVATIONAL
- Experimental conditionsare NOT manipulated
- One or more responses measured and correlated with one or more 'environmental' measurements.
- This type of experiment is realistic as it is 'natural' and not manipulated. A good general experiment unlike manipulative experiments.
- 2) MANIPULATIVE
- Experimental conditions are manipulated and controlled to investigate cause and effect relationship.
- This approach allows relationships to be deduced.
- Manipulative experiment has excelled control of independent variables and good deduction ability unlike observation experiments.
- 1) OBSERVATIONAL
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